Abdullah, A.S. and W.W. Ho (2006). What Chinese adolescents think about quitting smoking: a qualitative study. Subst Use Misuse 41(13): 1735–43
DOI: 10.1080/10826080601006433.
Abdulwadud, O. and J. Ozanne-Smith (1998). Injuries associated with fireworks in Victoria: an epidemiological overview. Inj Prev 4(4): 272–75
DOI: 10.1136/ip.4.4.272
Abrams, D.B., A.L. Graham, D.T. Levy, P.L. Mabry and C.T. Orleans (2010). Boosting population quits through evidence-based cessation treatment and policy. Am J Prev Med 38(3 Suppl): S351–63
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.12.011
Action on Smoking and Health (2019). A changing landscape: stop smoking services and tobacco control in England. London: ASH. https://ash.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/2019-LA-Survey-Report.pdf
Action on Smoking and Health New Zealand (2021). ASH Year 10 Snapshot Survey. https://www.ash.org.nz/ash_year_10
Agboola, S., A. McNeill, T. Coleman and J. Leonardi Bee (2010). A systematic review of the effectiveness of smoking relapse prevention interventions for abstinent smokers. Addiction 105(8): 1362–80
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02996.x
Allen, M., D. Ambrose and G. Halpenny (2003). Telephone refusal rate still rising: results of the 2002 Response Rate Survey. Ontario, Canada: Marketing Research and Intelligence Association.
Alpert, H., G. Connolly and L. Biener (2012). A prospective cohort study challenging the effectiveness of population-based medical intervention for smoking cessation. Tob Control DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050129
American Cancer Society (2003). Cancer facts and figures 2003. http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2003PWSecured.pdf
American Psychiatric Association (2018). What is a gambling disorder? https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gambling-disorder/what-is-gambling-disorder
Amin, K. (2015). Another year, another burden for cigarette makers. Jakarta Post, 4 May. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/05/04/another-year-another-burden-cigarette-makers.html
Amos, A. and M. Haglund (2000). From social taboo to “torch of freedom”: the marketing of cigarettes to women. Tob Control 9(1): 3–8
DOI: 10.1136/tc.9.1.3
Apollonio, D.E. and R.E. Malone (2010). The “we card” program: tobacco industry “youth smoking prevention” as industry self-preservation. Am J Public Health 100(7): 1188–201 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.169573
Assunta, M. and S. Chapman (2004). Industry sponsored youth smoking prevention programme in Malaysia: a case study in duplicity. Tob Control
13 Suppl 2: ii37–42 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2004.007732
Assunta, M. and E.U. Dorotheo (2016). SEATCA Tobacco Industry Interference Index: a tool for measuring implementation of WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Article 5.3. Tob Control 25(3): 313–18
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051934
Atkins, S., S. Lewin and H. Smith et al. (2008). Conducting a meta-ethnography of qualitative literature: lessons learnt. BMC Med Res Methodol 8: 21
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-8-21
Australian Advertising Council (2009). The Australian Effie awards: how Champix outsmarted cigarettes. Category e: Healthcare: Australian Advertising Council. https://tinyurl.com/yckucd24
Australian Associated Press (2021). Pete Evans fined $80,000 by Health Department for alleged unlawful spruiking of devices and medicines. Guardian, 25 May. https://tinyurl.com/yc8ynvjr
Australian Border Force (2021). Importing or bringing tobacco into Australia. https://www.abf.gov.au/importing-exporting-and-manufacturing/prohibited-goods/categories/tobacco
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021a). Pandemic insights into Australian smokers, 2020–21. Canberra: ABS. https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/pandemic-insights-australian-smokers-2020-21
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2020a). Asthma. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/chronic-respiratory-conditions/asthma/contents/asthma
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2020b). Chapter 4: Illicit use of drugs – supplementary data tables, National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019. Canberra: AIHW. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/behaviours-risk-factors/illicit-use-of-drugs/data
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2020c). Table 2.3: Tobacco smoking status, people aged 14 and over, by sex, 2001 to 2019 (persons). In Chapter 2: Tobacco smoking supplementary tables, National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019. Canberra: AIHW. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/77dbea6e-f071-495c-b71e-3a632237269d/aihw-phe-270.pdf.aspx?inline=true
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2020d). Table 2.39: Changes to smoking behaviour, smokers aged 14 and over, by sex, 2007 to 2019. In Chapter 2: Tobacco smoking supplementary tables, National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019. Canberra: AIHW. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/77dbea6e-f071-495c-b71e-3a632237269d/aihw-phe-270.pdf.aspx?inline=true
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2020e). Table 2.58: Tobacco smoking status, people aged 14 and over, by social characteristics, 2010 to 2019. In Chapter 2: Tobacco smoking supplementary tables, National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019. Canberra: AIHW. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/77dbea6e-f071-495c-b71e-3a632237269d/aihw-phe-270.pdf.aspx?inline=true
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2020f). National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019. Drug Statistics series. Canberra: AIHW. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/77dbea6e-f071-495c-b71e-3a632237269d/aihw-phe-270.pdf.aspx?inline=true
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2020g). Table 2.1: Tobacco smoking status, people aged 14 and over, 1991 to 2019. National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019. Canberra: AIHW. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/77dbea6e-f071-495c-b71e-3a632237269d/aihw-phe-270.pdf.aspx?inline=true
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2020h). Table 2.8 Tobacco smoking status, by age and sex, 2001 to 2019 (persons). In Chapter 2: Tobacco smoking supplementary tables, National Drug Strategy Household Survey. Canberra: AIHW https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/77dbea6e-f071-495c-b71e-3a632237269d/aihw-phe-270.pdf.aspx?inline=true
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2021). National Opioid Pharmacotherapy Statistics Annual Data collection. Canberra: AIHW. https://tinyurl.com/2m4z7pm8
Australian Productivity Commission (2010). Gambling. Canberra: Productivity Commission.
https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/gambling-2010/report
Australian Senate (2020a). Evidence from Clive Bates to Senate Select Committee on Tobacco Harm Reduction. 19 November. https://tinyurl.com/44r9tr2s
Australian Senate (2020b). Senate Select Committee on Tobacco Harm Reduction. 19 November. https://tinyurl.com/yz6uvdnm
Australian Treasury (2013). Post-implementation review: 25 per cent tobacco excise increase. https://tinyurl.com/2p8f2rks
Azjen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50: 170–211 DOI: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Baer, P.E., J.P. Foreyt and S. Wright (1977). Self-directed termination of excessive cigarette use among untreated smokers. J Behav Therapy Exp Psychiatry 8(1): 71–74 DOI: 10.1016/0005-7916(77)90108-2
Baillie, A.J., R.P. Mattick and W. Hall (1995). Quitting smoking: estimation by meta-analysis of the rate of unaided smoking cessation. Aust J Public Health 19(2): 129–31 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00361.x
Bala, M.M., E. A. Akl and X. Sun et al. (2013). Randomized trials published in higher vs lower impact journals differ in design, conduct, and analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 66(3): 286–95 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.10.005
Balfour, D.J.K., N.L. Benowitz and S.M. Colby et al. (2021). Balancing consideration of the risks and benefits of e-cigarettes. Am J Public Health 111(9): 1661–72 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2021.306416
Balmford, J., R. Borland, D. Hammond and K. Cummings (2011). Adherence to and reasons for premature discontinuation from stop-smoking medications: data from the ITC Four-Country Survey. Nicotine Tob Res 13(2): 94–102 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq215
Bals, R., J. Boyd and S. Esposito et al. (2019). Electronic cigarettes: a task force report from the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 53(2)
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01151-2018
Bankhead, C., J.K. Aronson and D. Nunan (2017). Attrition bias. In Catalogue of Bias Collaboration. https://catalogofbias.org/biases/attrition-bias/
Banks, E., K. Beckwith and G. Joshy (2020). Summary report on use of e-cigarettes and relation to tobacco smoking uptake and cessation, relevant to the Australian context. Canberra: Australian National University. https://tinyurl.com/h2a4hm57
Banks, E., G. Joshy and M. F. Weber et al. (2015). Tobacco smoking and all-cause mortality in a large Australian cohort study: findings from a mature epidemic with current low smoking prevalence. BMC Med 13: 38
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0281-z
Bansal, M.A., K. Cummings, A. Hyland and G. Giovino (2004). Stop-smoking medications: who uses them, who misuses them, and who is misinformed about them? Nicotine Tob Res 6(Suppl 3): S303–S10
DOI: 10.1080/14622200412331320707
Barker Bausell, R.B. (2007). Snake oil science: the truth about complementary and alternative medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barnett-Page, E. and J. Thomas (2009). Methods for the synthesis of qualitative research: a critical review. BMC Med Res Methodol 9: 59
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-9-59
Barrington-Trimis, J.L., R. Urman and K. Berhane et al. (2016). E-cigarettes and future cigarette use. Pediatrics 138(1) DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0379
Bauld, L., K. Bell, L. McCullough, L. Richardson and L. Greaves (2010). The effectiveness of NHS smoking cessation services: a systematic review. J Pub Health 32(1): 71–82 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdp074
Bauld, L., K.A. Boyd and A.H. Briggs et al. (2011). One-year outcomes and a cost-effectiveness analysis for smokers accessing group-based and pharmacy-led cessation services. Nicotine Tob Res 13(2): 135–45
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq222
Bauld, L., T. Coleman, C. Adams, E. Pound and J. Ferguson (2005). Delivering the English smoking treatment services. Addiction 100: 19–27
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01024.x
Baumeister, R.F. and K.D. Vohs (eds) (2017). Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications. New York: Guildford Press.
Bayly, M., T. Carroll, T. Cotter and K. Purcell (2021). 14.3 Public education campaigns to discourage smoking: the Australian experience. In Greenhalgh, E.M., M.M. Scollo and M.H. Winstanley (eds) Tobacco in Australia: facts and issues. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria. https://tinyurl.com/2p97sr64
Bayly, M. and M. Scollo (2020). 10.5 Retailing of tobacco products in Australia. In Greenhalgh, E.M., M.M. Scollo and M.H. Winstanley (eds) Tobacco in Australia: facts and issues. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria. https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-10-tobacco-industry/10-5-retailing-of-tobacco-products-in-australia
BBC News (2014). Nutt: e-cigs “greatest health advance” since vaccines. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/health-26036064
Beard, E., J. Brown, S. Michie and R. West (2018). Is prevalence of e-cigarette and nicotine replacement therapy use among smokers associated with average cigarette consumption in England? A time-series analysis. BMJ Open 8(6): e016046 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016046
Beard, E., R. West, S. Michie and J. Brown (2016). Association between electronic cigarette use and changes in quit attempts, success of quit attempts, use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, and use of stop smoking services in England: time series analysis of population trends. BMJ 354: i4645
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i4645
Beard, E., R. West, S. Michie and J. Brown (2020). Association of prevalence of electronic cigarette use with smoking cessation and cigarette consumption in England: a time-series analysis between 2006 and 2017. Addiction 115(5): 961–74 DOI: 10.1111/add.14851
Becker M.H. (1974). The Health Belief Model and personal health behaviour. Thorofare, New Jersey: Charles B. Slack.
Benmarhnia, T., J.P. Pierce and E. Leas et al. (2018). Can e-cigarettes and pharmaceutical aids increase smoking cessation and reduce cigarette consumption? Findings from a nationally representative cohort of American smokers. Am J Epidemiol 187(11): 2397–404 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy129
Berry, K.M., L. Reynolds and J. Collins et al. (2019). E-cigarette initiation and associated changes in smoking cessation and reduction: the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, 2013–2015. Tob Control 28(1): 42–49 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054108
Berthelot, J.M., B. Le Goff and Y. Maugars (2011). The Hawthorne effect: stronger than the placebo effect? Joint Bone Spine 78(4):335–336
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.06.001
Biener, L., C.A. Garrett and E.A. Gilpin et al. (2004). Consequences of declining survey response rates for smoking prevalence estimates. Am J Prev Med 27(3): 254–57 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.05.006
Biernacki, P. (1986). Pathways from heroin addiction: recovery without treatment. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Biernacki, P. and D. Waldorf (1981). Snowball sampling: problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological Methods and Research(10): 141–63 DOI: 10.1177/004912418101000205
Bitton, A. and N. Eyal (2011). Too poor to treat? The complex ethics of cost-effective tobacco policy in the developing world. Public Health Ethics DOI: 10.1093/phe/phr014
Bittoun, R. and J.C. Clarke (1985). Experiences with a large-scale smoking cessation clinic. Australian Drug/Alcohol Review 4: 165–68
DOI: 10.1080/09595238580000251
Bommele, J., G.E. Nagelhout and M. Kleinjan et al. (2016). Prevalence of hardcore smoking in the Netherlands between 2001 and 2012: a test of the hardening hypothesis. BMC Public Health 16:754 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3434-x
Bonfiglioli, C.M., B. Smith, L. King, S. Chapman and S. Holding (2007). Choice and voice: obesity debates in television news. Med J Aust 187(8): 442–45
DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01354.x
Borland, R., L. Li and P. Driezen et al. (2012). Cessation assistance reported by smokers in 15 countries participating in the International Tobacco Control (ITC) policy evaluation surveys. Addiction 107(1): 197–205
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03636.x
Borland, R., T. Partos and K. Cummings (2012a). Systematic biases in cross-sectional community studies may underestimate the effectiveness of stop-smoking medications. Nicotine Tob Res 14(12): 1483–87
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts002
Borland, R., T. Partos, H-H. Yong, K. Cummings and A. Hyland (2012b). How much unsuccessful quitting activity is going on among adult smokers? Data from the International Tobacco Control four country cohort survey. Addiction 107(3): 673–82
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03685.x
Borland, R., H-H. Yong and J. Balmford et al. (2010). Motivational factors predict quit attempts but not maintenance of smoking cessation: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country project. Nicotine Tob Res
12 Suppl: S4–11 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq050
Bottorff, J.L., J. Radsma, M. Kelly and J.L. Oliffe (2009). Fathers’ narratives of reducing and quitting smoking. Sociol Health Illn 31(2): 185–200
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2008.01126.x
Brady, W. (1949). Dr Brady says: silver nitrate solution aids smoker quit. Detroit Free Press, 29 April. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36306712/detroit-free-press/
Brandt, A.M. (2007). The cigarette century. New York: Basic Books.
Brantmark, B., P. Ohlin and H. Westling (1973). Nicotine-containing chewing gum as an anti-smoking aid. Psychopharmacologia 31(3): 191–200
DOI: 10.1007/BF00422509
British American Tobacco (2018). British American Tobacco P.L.C. half-year report to 30 June 2018. https://www.bat.com/group/sites/UK__9D9KCY.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DOB2ZP4L
Britton, J. (2009). In defence of helping people to stop smoking. Lancet 373(9665): 703–05 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60417-7
Brose, L.S., J. Bowen, A. McNeill and T. Partos (2019). Associations between vaping and relapse to smoking: preliminary findings from a longitudinal survey in the UK. Harm Reduct J 16(1): 76 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-019-0344-0
Brouwer, A.F., J. Jeon and J. Hirschtick et al. (2020). Transitions between cigarette, ends and dual use in adults in the PATH study (waves 1–4): multistate transition modelling accounting for complex survey design. Tob Control
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055967
Brown, J., L. Shahab and R. West (2020). Public Submission 195 to the Senate Select Committee on Tobacco Harm Reduction, “additional comment to the Australian Select Committee on Tobacco Harm Reduction”. https://tinyurl.com/5au7st65
Bryant, J., B. Bonevski and C. Paul (2011). A survey of smoking prevalence and interest in quitting among social and community service organisation clients in Australia: a unique opportunity for reaching the disadvantaged. BMC Public Health 11: 827 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-827
Buchanan, T., C.A. Magee, E.O. Igwe and P.J. Kelly (2021). Is the Australian smoking population hardening? Addict Behav 112: 106575
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106575
Business Queensland (2019). Advertising alcohol prices and deals outside of licensed venues. https://tinyurl.com/ykvd954m
Butt, Y.M., M. Smith and H. Tazelaar et al. (2019). Pathology of vaping-associated lung injury. N Engl J Med 381(18): 1780–81 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1913069
Byrne, P. and B. Long (1976). Doctors talking to patients: a study of the verbal behaviour of general practitioners consulting in their surgeries. London: HMSO.
Byrne, S., E. Brindal and G. Williams et al. (2018). E-cigarettes, smoking and health: a literature review update. Canberra: CSIRO.
https://tinyurl.com/4axrzrzh
Cahill, K. and T. Lancaster (2014). Workplace interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD003440
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003440.pub4
Cahya, G.H. (2018). Big tobacco spurns ad bans. Jakarta Post, 24 November. https://bit.ly/3GkON7a
Cairns, R., A.L. Schaffer, J.A. Brown, S.A. Pearson and N.A. Buckley (2020). Codeine use and harms in Australia: evaluating the effects of re-scheduling. Addiction 115(3): 451–59 DOI: 10.1111/add.14798
Calabria, B., L. Degenhardt and C. Briegleb et al. (2010). Systematic review of prospective studies investigating “remission” from amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine or opioid dependence. Addict Behav 35(8): 741–49
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.03.019
Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids (2014). Nine e-juice flavors that sound just like kids’ favorite treats. Tobacco Unfiltered.
https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/blog/2014_06_11_ecigarettes
Canadian Cancer Society (2021). Cigarette Package Health Warnings: International Status Report, October, 7th edn. https://tinyurl.com/469eabvj
Cancer Council Victoria (2020). Our history: the 1970s. https://www.cancervic.org.au/about/our-history/history-1970s
Cancer Institute NSW (2009). New South Wales Smoking and Health Survey 2009. Sydney: CINSW. https://tinyurl.com/ycyp485h
Cancer Institute NSW (2011). New South Wales Smoking and Health Survey 2011. Sydney: CINSW.
Carter, O.B., B.W. Mills and R.J. Donovan (2009). The effect of retail cigarette pack displays on unplanned purchases: results from immediate postpurchase interviews. Tob Control 18(3): 218–21 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2008.027870
Carter, O.B., T. Phan and B.W. Mills (2015). Impact of a point-of-sale tobacco display ban on smokers’ spontaneous purchases: comparisons from postpurchase interviews before and after the ban in Western Australia. Tob Control 24(e1): e81–86 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-050991
Carter, S.M., A. Cribb and J.P. Allegrante (2012). How to think about health promotion ethics. Pub Health Rev 3(1): 1–24. https://publichealthreviews.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1007/BF03391661.pdf
Caruana, D. (2020). Burning issues: the global state of tobacco harm reduction (GSTHR) 2020. Vaping Post, 5 November. https://tinyurl.com/vxf87h9j
CEIC Data (2022). Indonesia Monthly Earnings.
https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/indonesia/monthly-earnings
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021). Current cigarette smoking among US adults aged 18 years and older. https://tinyurl.com/3u3jkcm4
Chaiton, M., L. Diemert and J.E. Cohen et al. (2016). Estimating the number of quit attempts it takes to quit smoking successfully in a longitudinal cohort of smokers. BMJ Open 6(6): e011045 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011045
Chaiton, M.O., J. Cohen, P. McDonald and S. Bondy (2007). The Heaviness of Smoking Index as a predictor of smoking cessation in Canada. Addict Behav 32(5): 1031–42 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.07.008
Chaloupka, F.J., A. Yurekli and G.T. Fong (2012). Tobacco taxes as a tobacco control strategy. Tob Control 21(2): 172–80
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050417
Champion, D. and S. Chapman (2005). Framing pub smoking bans: an analysis of Australian print news media coverage, March 1996 – March 2003. J Epidemiol Community Health 59(8): 679–84 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2005.035915
Chan, B.S., A. Kiss, N. McIntosh, V. Sheppeard and A.H. Dawson (2021). E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury in an adolescent. Med J Aust 215(7): 313–14 e1 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51244
Chapman, S. (1980). A David and Goliath story: tobacco advertising and self-regulation in Australia. BMJ 281(6249): 1187–90
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.281.6249.1187
Chapman, S. (1985). Stop smoking clinics: a case for their abandonment. Lancet 1(8434): 918–20 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91685-x
Chapman, S. (1986). The natural history of smoking cessation: how and why people stop smoking. London: National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia and The Health Education Council, London.
https://tinyurl.com/2p9yus42
Chapman, S. (1988). For debate: the means/ends problem in health promotion. Med J Aust 149(5): 256–60 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120598.x
Chapman, S. (1989). The news on smoking: newspaper coverage of smoking and health in Australia, 1987–88. Am J Public Health 79(10): 1419–21
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.79.10.1419
Chapman, S. (1992). Shared accommodation: non-smokers wanted. Tob Control
1: 248.
Chapman, S. (1993). Unravelling gossamer with boxing gloves: problems in explaining the decline in smoking. BMJ 307(6901): 429–32
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.307.6901.429
Chapman, S. (1999). The news on tobacco control: time to bring the background into the foreground. Tob Control 8(3): 237–39 DOI: 10.1136/tc.8.3.237
Chapman, S. (2000). Banning smoking outdoors is seldom ethically justifiable. Tob Control 9(1): 95–97 DOI: 10.1136/tc.9.1.95
Chapman, S. (2003a). “It is possible he is a kind of nut”: how the tobacco industry quietly promoted Dr William Whitby. Tob Control 12 Suppl 3: iii 4–6
DOI: 10.1136/tc.12.suppl_3.iii4
Chapman, S. (2003b). “We are anxious to remain anonymous”: the use of third party scientific and medical consultants by the Australian tobacco industry, 1969 to 1979. Tob Control 12 Suppl 3: iii 31–7
DOI: 10.1136/tc.12.suppl_3.iii31
Chapman S. (2007). Public health advocacy and tobacco control: making smoking history. Oxford: Blackwell.
Chapman, S. (2008a). Going too far? Exploring the limits of smoking regulations. William Mitchell Law Rev 34(4): 1605–29. https://tinyurl.com/23mhvfk2
Chapman, S. (2008b). Questionable inflated estimate of smoking prevalence among mentally ill persons in Australia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 42(7): 646–48 DOI: 10.1080/00048670802653372
Chapman, S. (2009). The inverse impact law of smoking cessation. Lancet 373(9665): 701–03 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60416-5
Chapman, S. (2012). The case for a smoker’s license. PLOS Med 9(11): e1001342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001342
Chapman, S. (2013). Over our dead bodies: Port Arthur and the fight for gun law reform. Sydney: Sydney University Press.
Chapman, S. (2015). The future of electronic cigarette growth depends on youth uptake. Med J Aust 202(9): 467–68 DOI: 10.5694/mja15.00304
Chapman, S. (2016). The failed history of tobacco harm reduction. Conversation, 30 August. https://theconversation.com/the-failed-history-of-tobacco-harm-reduction-64561
Chapman, S. (2018). Is it unethical to use fear in public health campaigns? Am J Public Health 108(9): 1120–22 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304630
Chapman, S. (2019). As “safe as drinking coffee”? Research spoiling the e-cigarette rehabilitation of nicotine party. Simon Chapman AO, 21 March. https://tinyurl.com/yck8uuww
Chapman S. (2020). Want to work for a pariah industry? Big tobacco fears it is unable to attract top staff. Simon Chapman AO, 15 February. https://tinyurl.com/2p8nre37
Chapman, S. (2020a). Evidence to Senate Committee on Tobacco Harm Reduction, 19 November. Senate Committee on Harm Reduction. https://tinyurl.com/3h7he9r2
Chapman, S. (2020b). Quit smoking ads from Australia and England, early 1980s. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wwrTtHRf-Y&t=76s
Chapman, S. (2021). Vaping advocates say the darndest things: (3) Australia’s prescribed vaping model “privileges big tobacco”. Simon Chapman AO,
15 February. https://tinyurl.com/3bk86hhp
Chapman, S., D. Bareham and W. Maziak (2019). The gateway effect of e-cigarettes: reflections on main criticisms. Nicotine Tob Res 21(5): 695–98 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty067
Chapman, S. and S.M. Carter (2003). “Avoid health warnings on all tobacco products for just as long as we can”: a history of Australian tobacco industry efforts to avoid, delay and dilute health warnings on cigarettes. Tob Control
12 Suppl 3: iii13–22 DOI: 10.1136/tc.12.suppl_3.iii13
Chapman, S., M. Daube and M. Peters (2020). Public Submission 195 to the Senate Select Committee on Tobacco Harm Reduction. https://tinyurl.com/5au7st65
Chapman, S. and M.C. Farrelly (2011). Four arguments against the adult-rating of movies with smoking scenes. PLOS Med 8(8): e1001078
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001078
Chapman, S. and B. Freeman (2008). Markers of the denormalisation of smoking and the tobacco industry. Tob Control 17(1): 25–31
DOI: 10.1136/tc.2007.021386
Chapman, S. and B. Freeman (2009). Regulating the tobacco retail environment: beyond reducing sales to minors. Tob Control 18(6): 496–501
DOI: 10.1136/tc.2009.031724
Chapman, S. and B. Freeman (2014). Removing the emperor’s clothes: Australia and tobacco plain packaging. Sydney: Sydney University Press.
Chapman, S., S. Haddad and D. Sindhusake (1997). Do work-place smoking bans cause smokers to smoke “harder”? Results from a naturalistic observational study. Addiction 92(5): 607–10 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02918.x
Chapman, S., A. Haynes and G. Derrick et al. (2014). Reaching “an audience that you would never dream of speaking to”: influential public health researchers’ views on the role of news media in influencing policy and public understanding. J Health Commun 19(2): 260–73
DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2013.811327
Chapman, S., S. Holding and J. Ellerm et al. (2009). The content and structure of Australian television reportage on health and medicine, 2005–2009: parameters to guide health workers. Med J Aust 191(11–12): 620–24
DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb03354.x
Chapman S. and J.A. Leask (2001). Paid celebrity endorsement in health promotion: a case study from Australia. Health Promot Int 16(4): 333–38
DOI: 10.1093/heapro/16.4.333
Chapman, S. and R. MacKenzie (2010). The global research neglect of unassisted smoking cessation: causes and consequences. PLOS Medicine 7(2): e1000216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000216
Chapman, S. and R. MacKenzie (2012). Can it be ethical to apply limited resources in low-income countries to ineffective, low-reach smoking cessation strategies? A reply to Bitton and Eyal. Public Health Ethics 5(1): 29–37
DOI: 10.1093/phe/phr035
Chapman, S. and R. MacKenzie (2013). There’s nothing that succeeds like failure: discerning the woods from the trees in smoking cessation debates. Nicotine Tob Res 15(3): 750–51 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts237
Chapman, S. and W. Smith (1994). Deception among quit smoking lottery entrants. Am J Health Promot 8(5): 328–30 DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-8.5.328
Chapman, S., W. Smith, G. Mowbray, C. Hugo and G. Egger (1993). Quit and win smoking cessation contests: how should effectiveness be evaluated? Prev Med 22(3): 423–32 DOI: 10.1006/pmed.1993.1035
Chapman, S. and M.A. Wakefield (2013). Large-scale unassisted smoking cessation over 50 years: lessons from history for endgame planning in tobacco control. Tob Control 22(Suppl 1): i33–i35
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050767
Chapman, S., M. Wakefield and S. Durkin (2004). Smoking status of 132,176 people advertising on a dating website: are smokers more “desperate and dateless”? Med J Aust 181(11–12): 672–74
DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06519.x
Chapman, S., W.L. Wong and W. Smith (1993). Self-exempting beliefs about smoking and health: differences between smokers and ex-smokers. Am J Public Health 83(2): 215–19 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.83.2.215
Charmaz, K. (1990). ‘Discovering’ chronic illness: using grounded theory. Soc Sci Med 30: 1161–72 DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(90)90256-r
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: a practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Chen, K. and D.B. Kandel (1998). Predictors of cessation of marijuana use: an event history analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 50(2): 109–21
DOI: 10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00021-0
Chen, R., J.P. Pierce and E.C. Leas et al. (2020). Use of electronic cigarettes to aid long-term smoking cessation in the United States: prospective evidence from the PATH cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 189(12): 1529–37
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa161
Chiang, P.P. and S. Chapman (2006). Do pharmacy staff recommend evidenced-based smoking cessation products? A pseudo patron study. J Clin Pharm Ther 31(3): 205–09 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2006.00649.x
CHOICE magazine (1961). Australian-made cigarettes: a preliminary report. Choice: The Journal of the Australian Consumers’ Association Ltd 11(2): 36–43.
Christensen, C.H., J. Chang and B. Rostron (2021). Biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress among adult former smoker, current e-cigarette users-results from Wave 1 PATH study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-21-0140
Christofides, N., S. Chapman and A. Dominello (1999). The new pariahs: discourse on the tobacco industry in the Sydney press, 1993–97. Aust N Z J Public Health 23(3): 233–39 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-842x.1999.tb01248.x
Chun, L.F., F. Moazed, C. Calfee, M. Matthay and J. Gotts (2017). Pulmonary toxicity of e-cigarettes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 313(2): L193–L206 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00071.2017
Cision (2021). Health Canada announces new restrictions to prevent youth vaping. Health Canada News Release, 18 June. https://tinyurl.com/3sjd2t4m
Clegg Smith, K.M., M. Wakefield and M. Nichter (2003). Press coverage of public expenditure of Master Settlement Agreement funds: how are non-tobacco control related expenditures represented? Tob Control 12(3): 257–63
DOI: 10.1136/tc.12.3.257
ClinCalc (2021). The top 300 of 2021.
https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx
Cochrane Collaboration (2020). Cochrane tobacco addiction. https://tobacco.cochrane.org/our-reviews
Cochrane Community (2020). Cochrane’s revised conflict of interest policy for Cochrane library content will take effect in October 2020. https://tinyurl.com/36us5fsk
Cohen, G., J. Schroeder and R. Newson et al. (2015). Does health intervention research have real world policy and practice impacts: testing a new impact assessment tool. Health Res Policy Syst 13: 3 DOI: 10.1186/1478-4505-13-3
Cohen, S., E. Lichtenstein and J. Prochaska et al. (1989). Debunking myths about self-quitting: evidence from 10 prospective studies of persons who attempt to quit smoking by themselves. Am Psychol 44(11): 1355–65.
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.44.11.1355
Coleman, B., B. Rostron and S.E. Johnson et al. (2019). Transitions in electronic cigarette use among adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, Waves 1 and 2 (2013–2015). Tob Control 28(1): 50–59 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054174
Colgrove, J., R. Bayer and K.E. Bachynski (2011). Nowhere left to hide? The banishment of smoking from public spaces. N Engl J Med 364(25): 2375–77 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1104637
Commonwealth of Australia (2021) Mid-year economic and fiscal outlook 2021–22. 11 January. https://budget.gov.au/2021-22/content/myefo/download/myefo-2021-22.pdf
Conrad, P. (1992). Medicalization and social control. Ann Rev Sociology
18: 228–39 https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083452
Cook-Shimanek, M., E.K. Burns and A.H. Levinson (2013). Medicinal nicotine nonuse: smokers’ rationales for past behavior and intentions to try medicinal nicotine in a future quit attempt. Nicotine Tob Res 15(11): 1926–33
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt085
Cooper, J., R. Borland and H.-H. Yong (2011). Australian smokers increasingly use help to quit, but number of attempts remains stable: findings from the International Tobacco Control study 2002–09. Aust N Z J Public Health 35(4): 368–76 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2011.00733.x
Cooper, J., R. Borland and H.-H. Yong et al. (2010). To what extent do smokers make spontaneous quit attempts and what are the implications for smoking cessation maintenance? Findings from the International Tobacco Control four country survey. Nicotine Tob Res 12: S51–S57 DOI: 10.1093/Ntr/Ntq052
Crawford, R. (1977). You are dangerous to your health: the ideology and politics of victim blaming. Int J Health Serv 7(4): 663–80
DOI: 10.2190/YU77-T7B1-EN9X-G0PN
Crystal (2020). Reviews. Lazer Iz. https://lazer-iz.com/reviews/
Cummings, K.M. and A. Hyland (2005). Impact of nicotine replacement therapy on smoking behavior. Annu Rev Public Health 26: 583–99
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144501
Cummins, S.E., L. Bailey, S. Campbell, C. Koon-Kirby and S. H. Zhu (2007). Tobacco cessation quitlines in north America: a descriptive study. Tob Control 16(Suppl 1): i9–i15 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2007.020370
Currie, L., S. Keogan, P. Campbell, M. Gunning, Z. Kabir and L. Clancy (2010). An evaluation of the range and availability of intensive smoking-cessation services in Ireland. Ir J Med Sci 179(2): 225–31
DOI: 10.1007/s11845-009-0356-y
Curry, S.J., A. Sporer, O. Pugach, R. Campbell and S. Emery (2007). Use of tobacco cessation treatments among young adult smokers: 2005 National Health Interview survey. Am J Public Health 97(8): 1464–69
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.103788
Cussen, A. and J. McCool (2011). Tobacco promotion in the Pacific: the current state of tobacco promotion bans and options for accelerating progress. Asia Pac J Public Health 23(1): 70–78 DOI: 10.1177/1010539510390925
Dai, H. and A.M. Leventhal (2019). Association of electronic cigarette vaping and subsequent smoking relapse among former smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 199: 10–17 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.043
Daily Sabah (2021). Turkey’s Sabancı to hand down Philip Morris shares to parent company. 7 October. https://tinyurl.com/4bjcr4c7
Danaher, B.G. (1977). Rapid smoking and self-control in the modification of smoking behavior. J Consult Clin Psychol 45(6): 1068–75
DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.45.6.1068
Darzi, A., O. P. Keown and S. Chapman (2015). Is a smoking ban in UK parks and outdoor spaces a good idea? BMJ 350: h958 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h958
De Angelis, C., J. M. Drazen and F. A. Frizelle et al. (2004). Clinical trial registration: a statement from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Ann Intern Med 141(6): 477–78
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-141-6-200409210-00109
De Leon, J. and F.J. Diaz (2005). A meta-analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking behaviors. Schizophr Res 76(2–3): 136–57 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.010
Deci, E.L. and R.M. Ryan (2010). Self-determination. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Department of the Treasury (2010). Issues in tobacco taxation. https://tinyurl.com/3shxr28a
Deyo, R.A. and D.L. Patrick (2005). Hope or hype: the obsession with medical advances and the high cost of false promises. New York: AMACOM.
Dickinson, J.A., J. Wiggers, S.R. Leeder and R.W. Sanson-Fisher (1989). General practitioners’ detection of patients’ smoking status. Med J Aust 150(8): 420–22, 425–26 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb136560.x
DiClemente, C.C., J.C. Delahanty and R.M. Fiedler (2010). The journey to the end of smoking: a personal and population perspective. Am J Prev Med
38(3, Supplement): S418–S28 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.12.010
Dixon-Woods, M., S. Agarwal, B. Young, D. Jones and A. Sutton (2004). Integrative approaches to qualitative and quantitative evidence. London: Health Development Agency. https://tinyurl.com/ys27bze7
Doll, R. and A.B. Hill (1950). Smoking and carcinoma of the lung: preliminary report. BMJ 2(4682): 739–48 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4682.739
Doll, R., R. Peto, J. Boreham and I. Sutherland (2005). Mortality from cancer in relation to smoking: 50 years observations on British doctors. Br J Cancer 92(3): 426–29 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602359
Donovan, S. (2017). Philip Morris ordered to pay Australia’s costs in plain packaging case. The World Today, ABC News, 10 July.
https://tinyurl.com/adyj38ej
Doran, C.M., L. Valenti, M. Robinson, H. Britt and R. Mattick (2006). Smoking status of Australian general practice patients and their attempts to quit. Addict Behav 31(5): 758–66 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.054
Doron, G. (1979). The smoking paradox: public relations and the tobacco industry. Cambridge, MA: Abt Books.
Dunlop, S., T. Cotter, D. Perez and M. Wakefield (2013). Televised antismoking advertising: effects of level and duration of exposure. Am J Public Health 103(8): e66–73 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301079
Dunn, A.G., E. Coiera, K.D. Mandl and F.T. Bourgeois (2016). Conflict of interest disclosure in biomedical research: a review of current practices, biases, and the role of public registries in improving transparency. Res Integr Peer Rev (1) DOI: 10.1186/s41073-016-0006-7
Durante, N. (2016). Preliminary results 2016. London: BAT
https://www.bat.com/latestresults#
Durante, N. (2018). Analyst briefing. London: BAT https://tinyurl.com/2p94y7u3
Dutra, L.M. and S.A. Glantz (2017). E-cigarettes and national adolescent cigarette use: 2004–2014. Pediatrics 139(2) DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-2450
Dwan, K., C. Gamble, P.R. Williamson, J.J. Kirkham and Reporting Bias Group (2013). Systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias: an updated review. PLOS One 8(7): e66844
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066844
Dyer, C. (2018). Boss who made £7.9m from selling fake cancer cure is jailed for 15 months. BMJ 363: k5042 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k5042
Editors of Eur Respir J (2021). Retraction notice for: “Characteristics and risk factors for COVID-19 diagnosis and adverse outcomes in Mexico: an analysis of 89,756 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases”. T.V. Giannouchos, R.A. Sussman, J.M. Mier, K. Poulas and K. Farsalinos. Eur Respir J 57:2002144, https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/57/3/2002144.full.pdf
Edwards, R., J. Ball, J. Hoek, N. Wilson and A. Waa (2021). Key findings on smoking and e-cigarette use prevalence and trends in the 2020/21 NZ Health Survey. Public Health Expert. https://tinyurl.com/2xndwwze
Edwards, R., N. Wilson, J. Peace, D. Weerasekera, G.W. Thomson and H. Gifford (2013). Support for a tobacco endgame and increased regulation of the tobacco industry among New Zealand smokers: results from a National Survey. Tob Control 22(e1): e86–93
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050324
Edwards, S.A., S.J. Bondy, R.C. Callaghan and R.E. Mann (2014). Prevalence of unassisted quit attempts in population-based studies: a systematic review of the literature. Addict Behav 39(3): 512–19 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.036
Egger, G., W. Fitzgerald and G. Frape et al (1983). Results of large scale media antismoking campaign in Australia: North Coast “Quit. For Life” programme. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 287(6399): 1125–28 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.287.6399.1125
Egger, M. and G.D. Smith (1998). Bias in location and selection of studies. BMJ 316(7124): 61–66 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.316.7124.61
Egger, S., S. Burton, R. Ireland and S.C. Walsberger (2019). Observed retail price of Australia’s market-leading cigarette brand before and up to 3 years after the implementation of plain packaging. Tob Control 28(e2): e86–e91
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054577
Eisenger, R. (1972). Psychosocial predictors of smoking behavior change. Soc Sci Med 6: 137–44. DOI: 10.1016/0037-7856(72)90013-3
Eissenberg, T., A. Bhatnagar and S. Chapman et al (2020). Invalidity of an oft-cited estimate of the relative harms of electronic cigarettes. Am J Public Health 110(2): 161–62 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2019.305424
El Dib, R., E.A. Suzumura and E.A. Akl et al (2017). Electronic nicotine delivery systems and/or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems for tobacco smoking cessation or reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 7(2): e012680 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012680
Etter, J-F., M.M. Bergman and T.V. Perneger (2000). On quitting smoking: development of two scales measuring the use of self-change strategies in current and former smokers (SCS-CS and SCS-FS). Addict Behav 25(4): 523–38 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4603(00)00068-x
Etter, J-F. M. Burri and J. Stapleton (2007). The impact of pharmaceutical company funding on results of randomized trials of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: a meta-analysis. Addiction 102(5): 815–22
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01822.x
Etter, J-F. and T.V. Perneger (2001). Attitudes toward nicotine replacement therapy in smokers and ex-smokers in the general public. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69(3): 175-83 DOI: 10.1067/mcp.2001.113722
Etter, J-F. and J.A. Stapleton (2006). Nicotine replacement therapy for long-term smoking cessation: a meta-analysis. Tob Control 15(4)
DOI: 10.1136/Tc.2005.015487
EurekAlert! (2020). Chemicals in e-cigarettes mix together to form new, unexpectedly toxic compounds. News Releases, 2 September. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/842083
European Public Health Association (2018). Facts and fiction on e-cigs.
https://eupha.org/repository/advocacy/EUPHA_facts_and_fiction_on_e-cigs.pdf
Ewen, S. (1976). Captains of consciousness: advertising and the social roots of consumer culture. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Fagerström, K. and H. Furberg (2008). A comparison of the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence and smoking prevalence across countries. Addiction 103(5): 841–45 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02190.x
Fairchild, A., R. Bayer and S. Green (2018). The two faces of fear: a history of hard-hitting public health campaigns against tobacco and aids. Am J Public Health 108(9): 1180–86 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304516
Farsalinos, K.E., K. Poulas, V. Voudris and J. Le Houezec (2016). Electronic cigarette use in the European Union: analysis of a representative sample of 27,460 Europeans from 28 countries. Addiction 111(11): 2032–40
DOI: 10.1111/add.13506
Farsalinos, K.E., G. Romagna, D. Tsiapras, S. Kyrzopoulos and V. Voudris (2014). Characteristics, perceived side effects and benefits of electronic cigarette use: a worldwide survey of more than 19,000 consumers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11(4): 4356–73 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110404356
Feliu, A., F.T. Filippidis and L. Joossens et al (2019). Impact of tobacco control policies on smoking prevalence and quit ratios in 27 European Union countries from 2006 to 2014. Tob Control 28(1): 101–09
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054119
Ferguson, J., L. Bauld, J. Chesterman and K. Judge (2005). The English smoking treatment services: one-year outcomes. Addiction 100 Suppl 2: 59–69
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01028.x
Ferguson, J., G. Docherty and L. Bauld et al (2012). Effect of offering different levels of support and free nicotine replacement therapy via an English national telephone quitline: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 344: e1696 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e1696
Ferguson, S.G., S. Shiffman, J.G. Gitchell, M.A. Sembower and R. West (2009). Unplanned quit attempts: results from a US sample of smokers and ex-smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 11(7): 827–32 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp072
Fernandez, E., A. Lugo and L. Clancy et al (2015). Smoking dependence in 18 European countries: hard to maintain the hardening hypothesis. Prev Med 81: 314–19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.09.023
Filippidis, F.T., A.A. Laverty, U. Mons, C. Jimenez-Ruiz and C.I. Vardavas (2019). Changes in smoking cessation assistance in the European Union between 2012 and 2017: pharmacotherapy versus counselling versus e-cigarettes. Tob Control 28(1): 95–100 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054117
Fiore, M.C., T. Novotny and J. Pierce et al (1990). Methods used to quit smoking in the United States: do cessation programs help? JAMA 263(20): 2760–65
DOI: 10.1001/jama.1990.03440200064024
Flavor and Extracts Manufacturing Association (FEMA) (2021). The safety, assessment and regulatory authority to use flavors: focus on e-cigarettes. https://www.femaflavor.org/node/24344
Fong, G.T., D. Hammond and F. Laux et al (2004). The near-universal experience of regret among smokers in four countries: findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey. Nicotine Tob Res 6 Suppl 3: S341–51 DOI: 10.1080/14622200412331320743
Fortune Business Insights (2021). Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) market size, share and COVID-19 impact analysis, by type (gums, patches, lozenges, inhalers, and others), by distribution channel (hospital pharmacy, retail pharmacy, and online pharmacy) and regional forecast, 2021–2028. Report ID FBI103362. https://tinyurl.com/2p88autw
Francey, N. and S. Chapman (2000). “Operation Berkshire”: the international tobacco companies’ conspiracy. BMJ 321(7257): 371–74
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.321.7257.371
Freeman, B., S. Chapman and P. Storey (2008) Banning smoking in cars carrying children: an analytical history of a public health advocacy campaign. Aust N Z J Public Health 32(1): 60–65 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2008.00167.x
Freeman, B., E.M. Greenhalgh and M. Winstanley (2020). 10.17 Public attitudes to the tobacco industry. Tobacco in Australia: facts and issues. https://tinyurl.com/28d7zkz9
Fu, S.S., D. Burgess and M. van Ryn et al (2007). Views on smoking cessation methods in ethnic minority communities: a qualitative investigation. Prev Med 44(3): 235–40 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.11.002
Gallagher, A.W.A., K.A. Evans-Reeves, J.L. Hatchard and A.B. Gilmore (2019). Tobacco industry data on illicit tobacco trade: a systematic review of existing assessments. Tob Control 28(3): 334–45
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054295
Gartner, C.E., A. Wright, M. Hefler, A. Perusco and J. Hoek (2021). It is time for governments to support retailers in the transition to a smoke-free society. Med J Aust 215(10): 446–48 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51312
Global Burden of Disease 2019 Tobacco Collaborators (2021). Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019. Lancet 397(10292): 2337–60 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01169-7
Gendall, P. and J. Hoek (2021). Role of flavours in vaping uptake and cessation among New Zealand smokers and non-smokers: a cross-sectional study. Tob Control 30(1): 108–10 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055469
Ghosh, A., R.C. Coakley and T. Mascenik et al. (2018). Chronic e-cigarette exposure alters the human bronchial epithelial proteome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 198(1): 67–76 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201710-2033OC
Gillum, R.F., S. Santibanez, G. Bennett and M. Donahue (2009). Associations of prayer, mind-body therapy, and smoking cessation in a national survey. Psychol Rep 105(2): 593–604 DOI: 10.2466/PR0.105.2.593-604
Gilmore, A.B., G. Fooks, J. Drope, S.A. Bialous and R.R. Jackson (2015). Exposing and addressing tobacco industry conduct in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 385(9972): 1029–43 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60312-9
Gilmore, A.B., A.W.A. Gallagher and A. Rowell (2019). Tobacco industry’s elaborate attempts to control a global track and trace system and fundamentally undermine the illicit trade protocol. Tob Control 28(2): 127–40 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054191
Gilpin, E. and J.P. Pierce (1994). Measuring smoking cessation: problems with recall in the 1990 California Tobacco Survey. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 3(7): 613–17 https://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/3/7/613.long
Glasser, A.M., M. Vojjala and J. Cantrell et al. (2021). Patterns of e-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette smoking cessation over 2 years (2013/2014–2015/2016) in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study. Nicotine Tob Res 23(4): 669–77 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa182
GlaxoSmithKline (2009). Path2Quit. https://tinyurl.com/2d7b8bv3
Gmel, G., M. Wicki, S. Marmet and J. Studler (2020). E-cigarette use for smoking reduction and cessation in a four-year follow-up study among young Swiss men: some may benefit, but they are few.
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-52878/v1
Godfrey, C., S. Parrott, T. Coleman and E. Pouniewicz (2005). The cost-effectiveness of the English smoking treatment services: evidence from practice. Addiction 100 Suppl 2: 70–83
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01071.x
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Goldberg, J.O. and J. Van Exan (2008). Longitudinal rates of smoking in a schizophrenia sample. Tob Control 17(4): 271–75
DOI: 10.1136/tc.2008.024810
Goniewicz, M.L., D.M. Smith and K.C. Edwards et al. (2018). Comparison of nicotine and toxicant exposure in users of electronic cigarettes and combustible cigarettes. JAMA Netw Open 1(8): e185937
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5937
Goodin, R.E. (1989). The ethics of smoking. Ethics 99(3): 574–624 https://www.jstor.org/stable/2380869
Goot, M. and K.S. Inglis (2014). Mayer, Henry (1919–1990). Australian Dictionary of Biography. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mayer-henry-17251
Goriounova, N.A. and H.D. Mansvelder (2012). Short- and long-term consequences of nicotine exposure during adolescence for prefrontal cortex neuronal network function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2(12): a012120 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012120
Gornall, J. (2015). Public Health England’s troubled trail. BMJ 351: h5826
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h5826
Government of Canada (2021). Nicotine concentration in vaping products regulations: SOR/2021-123. https://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2021/2021-06-23/html/sor-dors123-eng.html
Grabovac, I., M. Oberndorfer, J. Fischer, W. Wiesinger, S. Haider and T.E. Dorner (2021). Effectiveness of electronic cigarettes in smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 23(4): 625–34
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa181
Graham, H. (1994). Gender and class as dimensions of smoking behaviour in Britain: insights from a survey of mothers. Soc Sci Med 38(5): 691–98
DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)90459-6
Graham, H. (2009). Women and smoking: understanding socioeconomic influences. Drug Alcohol Depend 104 Suppl 1: S11–6
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.02.009
Graham, S. and R.W. Gibson (1971). Cessation of patterned behavior: withdrawal from smoking. Soc Sci Med 5: 319–37 DOI: 10.1016/0037-7856(71)90033-3
Grand View Research (2021). E-cigarette and vape market size, share and trends analysis report by distribution channel (online, retail), by product (disposable, rechargeable), by component, by region, and segment forecasts, 2021–2028. https://tinyurl.com/348se4nk
Gravely, S., K.M. Cummings and D. Hammond et al. (2021). Self-reported quit aids and assistance used by smokers at their most recent quit attempt: findings from the 2020 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Nicotine Tob Res DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab068
Gravely, S., G Meng, K.M. Cummings and A. Hyland et al. (2020). Changes in Smoking and Vaping over 18 Months among Smokers and Recent Ex-Smokers: Longitudinal Findings from the 2016 and 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197084
Gray, N.J. and D.J. Hill (1975). Patterns of tobacco smoking in Australia. Med J Aust 22: 819–22. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1207580/
Greene, N.M., E.M. Taylor, S.H. Gage and M.R Munafò (2010). Industry funding and placebo quit rate in clinical trials of nicotine replacement therapy: a commentary on Etter et al. (2007). Addiction 105(12): 2217–18;
author reply 19 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03155.x
Greenhalgh, E.M., E. Dean, S. Stillman and C. Ford (2021) 7.16 Pharmacoptherapies for smoking cessation. In Greenhalgh, E.M., M.M. Scollo and M.H. Winstanley (eds) Tobacco in Australia: facts and issues. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria.
https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-7-cessation/7-16-pharmacotherapy
Greenhalgh, E.M. and M.M. Scollo (2019). 11A.9 Real-world research on the effects of plain packaging. In Greenhalgh, E.M., M.M. Scollo and M.H. Winstanley (eds) Tobacco in Australia: facts and issues. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria. https://tinyurl.com/3xuvrndr
Greenhalgh, E.M. and M.H. Winstanley (2019). 1.6 Prevalence of smoking: teenagers. In Greenhalgh, E.M., M.M. Scollo and M.H. Winstanley (eds) Tobacco in Australia: facts and issues. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria. https://tinyurl.com/4f8xmauf
Gross, B., L. Brose and A. Schumann et al. (2008). Reasons for not using smoking cessation aids. BMC Public Health 8(1): 129 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-129
Guindon, G.E., J. de Beyer and S. Galbraith (2003). Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: progress and implications for health and the environment. Environ Health Perspect 111(5): A262–63 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.111-a262
Hajek, P., A. Phillips-Waller and D. Przulj et al. (2019). A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med 380(7): 629–37 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1808779
Halpern, M.T., R. Shikiar, A.M. Rentz and Z.M. Khan (2001). Impact of smoking status on workplace absenteeism and productivity. Tob Control 10(3):233–38 DOI: 10.1136/tc.10.3.233
Hansen, E.C. and M.R. Nelson (2011). How cardiac patients describe the role of their doctors in smoking cessation: a qualitative study. Aust J Primary Health 17(3): 268–73 DOI: 10.1071/PY10082
Hansen, J. (2021). Vaping: how tobacco companies are drawing in vapers as teen use soars. Saturday Telegraph, 14 June.
Harper, T. (2006). Why the tobacco industry fears point of sale display bans. Tob Control 15(3): 270–71 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2006.015875
Hart, C., L. Gruer and L. Bauld (2013). Does smoking reduction in midlife reduce mortality risk? Results of 2 long-term prospective cohort studies of men and women in Scotland. Am J Epidemiol 178(5): 770–79 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt038
Hart, J.T. (1971). The inverse care law. Lancet 1(7696): 405–12
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)92410-x
Hartmann-Boyce, J., S.C. Chepkin, W. Ye, C. Bullen and T. Lancaster (2018). Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5: CD000146 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub5
Hartmann-Boyce, J., J. Livingstone-Banks and J.M. Ordóñez-Mena et al. (2021). Behavioural interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1: CD013229. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33411338
Hartmann-Boyce, J., H. McRobbie and N. Lindson et al. (2021). Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 4.
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub5
Hatsukami, D.K., L. Stead and P.C. Gupta (2008). Tobacco addiction. Lancet 371(9629): 2027–38 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60871-5
Hawkins, J., W. Hollingworth and R. Campbell (2010). Long-term smoking relapse: a study using the British Household Panel Survey. Nicotine Tob Res 12(12): 1228–35 DOI: 10.1093/Ntr/Ntq175
Hayman, M. (1996). Scenes from Papua New Guinea: tobacco advertising or no tobacco advertising? Tob Control 5: 229–30 DOI: 10.2307/20207207
Haynes, A.S., G.E. Derrick and S. Chapman et al. (2011). From “our world” to the “real world”: exploring the views and behaviour of policy-influential Australian public health researchers. Soc Sci Med 72(7): 1047–55
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.004
Haynes, A.S., G.E. Derrick and S. Redman et al. (2012). Identifying trustworthy experts: how do policymakers find and assess public health researchers worth consulting or collaborating with? PLOS One 7(3): e32665
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032665
Haynes, A.S., J.A. Gillespie and G.E. Derrick et al. (2011). Galvanizers, guides, champions, and shields: the many ways that policymakers use public health researchers. Milbank Q 89(4): 564–98
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2011.00643.x
Heenan, E.M. (2006). Ellis, executor of the estate of Paul Steven Cotton (dec) v. the State of South Australia & ors [2006] WASC 270.
Hemenway, D. (2009). While we were sleeping: success stories in injury and violence prevention. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Hendlin, Y.H., M. Vora, J. Elias and P.M. Ling (2019). Financial conflicts of interest and stance on tobacco harm reduction: a systematic review. Am J Public Health 109(7): e1–e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2019.305106
Henningfield, J., J. Pankow and B. Garrett (2004). Ammonia and other chemical base tobacco additives and cigarette nicotine delivery: issues and research needs. Nicotine Tob Res 6(2): 199–205 DOI: 10.1080/1462220042000202472
Herbert Smith Freehills (2016). Response of British American Tobacco company (Hong Kong) Limited to the government’s request for comment’s on the proposal to increase the size of health warnings for packets and retail containers of cigarettes to 85%. https://tinyurl.com/5h287tww
Heritage, J. and J. Robinson (2006). Accounting for the visit: giving reasons for seeking medical care. In Maynard, D.W. and J. Heritage, J. (eds) Communication in medical care: interaction between primary care physicians and patients. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 45–85.
Heydari, G., F. Talischi and N. Mojgani et al (2012). Status and costs of smoking cessation in countries of the eastern Mediterranean region. East Mediterr Health J 18(11): 1102–06 DOI: 10.26719/2012.18.11.1102
Hickman, L. (2013). E-cigarettes: health revolution or fresh pack of trouble? Guardian, 5 June. https://tinyurl.com/mtu4uxn3
Hill, D., S. Chapman and R. Donovan (1998) The return of scare tactics. Tob Control 7(1): 5–8 DOI: 10.1136/tc.7.1.5
Hilts, P.J. (1994). Is nicotine addictive? It depends on whose criteria you use. New York Times, 2 August. https://tinyurl.com/2p8n9btz
Hinton, T. (2021). Market share in alcohol retail in Australia in 2020, by store type. https://tinyurl.com/mpcjrx2n
Holmes, T.J. (1923). ‘Secret recipes’, compiled by the wardmaster. https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/items/1806632
Hopewell, S., K. Loudon, M.J. Clarke, A.D. Oxman and K. Dickersin (2009). Publication bias in clinical trials due to statistical significance or direction of trial results. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1): MR000006
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000006.pub3
Horn, D. (1972). Determinants of change. In Richardson, R.G. (ed) The Second World Conference on Smoking and Health. London: Pittman Medical.
Horn, D. (1978). Who is quitting – and why. In Schwartz, J.L. (ed) Progress in smoking cessation: proceedings of International Conference on Smoking Cessation. New York: American Cancer Society.
Horwitz, A.V. and J.C. Wakefield (2007). The loss of sadness: how psychiatry transformed normal sorrow into depressive disorder. New York: Oxford University Press.
House of Representatives Standing Committee on Health, Aged Care and Sport (2011). Official committee Hansard. Tobacco Plain Packaging Bill 2011, Trade Marks Amendment (Tobacco Plain Packaging) Bill 2011 House of Representatives. Standing Committee on Health and Ageing. https://tinyurl.com/2rfdts55
House of Representatives Standing Committee on Health, Aged Care and Sport (2017). Inquiry into the use and marketing of electronic cigarettes and personal vaporisers in Australia. Submissions. https://tinyurl.com/2uprnkxv
Hsu, G., J.Y. Sun and S.H. Zhu (2018). Evolution of electronic cigarette brands from 2013–2014 to 2016–2017: analysis of brand websites. J Med Internet Res 20(3): e80 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.8550
Hughes, H. (2020). Transcript of evidence, 13 November. Select Committee on Tobacco Harm Reduction. https://tinyurl.com/8kh4p26u
Hughes, J., K.M. Cummings, J. Foulds, S. Shiffman and R. West (2012). Effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy: a rebuttal. Addiction 107: 1527–28 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03925.x
Hughes, J.R. (2020). An update on hardening: a qualitative review. Nicotine Tob Res 22(6): 867–71 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz042
Hughes, J.R., K.O. Fagerström and J.E. Henningfield et al. (2019). Why we work with the tobacco industry. Addiction 114(2): 374–75 DOI: 10.1111/add.14461
Hughes, J.R., D.K. Hatsukami, J.E. Mitchell and L.A. Dahlgren (1986). Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 143(8): 993–97 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.143.8.993
Hughes, J.R., J. Keely and S. Naud (2004). Shape of the relapse curve and long-term abstinence among untreated smokers. Addiction 99(1): 29–38
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00540.x
Hughes, J.R., E.N. Peters and S. Naud (2011). Effectiveness of over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy: a qualitative review of nonrandomized trials. Nicotine Tob Res 13(7): 512–22 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr055
Hughes, J.R., S.I. Rennard, J.R. Fingar, S.K. Talbot, P.W Callas and K. Fagerström (2011). Efficacy of varenicline to prompt quit attempts in smokers not currently trying to quit: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res 13(10): 955–64 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr103
Hung, W.T., S.M. Dunlop, D. Perez and T. Cotter (2011). Use and perceived helpfulness of smoking cessation methods: results from a population survey of recent quitters. BMC Public Health 11: 592–600
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-592
Hunt, G. (2020). Four times as many people trying to quit smoking during COVID-19. Department of Health Media Release, 1 June. https://tinyurl.com/mrxnrc6z
Hyland, A., B.K. Ambrose and K.P. Conway et al. (2017). Design and methods of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study. Tob Control 26(4): 371–78 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-052934
Hyland, A., Q. Li, J.E. Bauer, G.A. Giovino, C. Steger and K.M. Cummings (2004). Predictors of cessation in a cohort of current and former smokers followed over 13 years. Nicotine Tob Res 6 Suppl 3: S363–9
DOI: 10.1080/14622200412331320761
Illich, I. (1975). The medicalization of life. J Med Ethics 1(2): 73–77
DOI: 10.1136/jme.1.2.73
Inoue-Choi, M., C.H. Christensen and B.L. Rostron et al. (2020). Dose-response association of low-intensity and nondaily smoking with mortality in the United States. JAMA Netw Open 3(6): e206436
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6436
Jankowski, G.S. and H. Frith (2021). Psychology’s medicalization of male baldness. J Health Psychol DOI: 10.1177/13591053211024724
Jankowski, M., M. Krzystanek and J.E. Zejda et al. (2019). E-cigarettes are more addictive than traditional cigarettes: a study in highly educated young people. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(13) DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132279
Jiang, S., T. Yang and C. Bullen et al. (2021). Real-world unassisted quit success and related contextual factors: a population-based study of Chinese male smokers. Tob Control 30(5): 498–504
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055594
Jiang, Y., T. Elton-Marshall, G.T. Fong and Q. Li (2010). Quitting smoking in China: findings from the ITC China survey. Tob Control 19 Suppl 2: i12–7 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2009.031179
Johns Hopkins University (2021). Johns Hopkins finds thousands of unknown chemicals in e-cigarettes. News Releases, 6 October.
https://tinyurl.com/hpkeahja
Joossens, L. and M. Raw (2006). The Tobacco Control Scale: a new scale to measure country activity. Tob Control 15(3): 247–53
DOI: 10.1136/tc.2005.015347
Jordt, S.-E., A.I. Caceres, H. Erythropel, J.B. Zimmerman, T. Dewinter and S. Jabba (2020). Flavor-solvent reaction products in electronic cigarette liquids activate respiratory irritant receptors and elicit cytotoxic metabolic responses in airway epithelial cell. Eur Respir J 56(4384)
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.4384
Jorenby, D.E., J.T. Hays and N.A. Rigotti et al (2006). Efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 296(1): 56–63 DOI: 10.1001/jama.296.1.56
Judge, K.. L. Bauld, J. Chesterman and J. Ferguson (2005). The English smoking treatment services: short-term outcomes. Addiction 100: 46–58
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01027.x
Kahler, C.W., H.R. Lachance, D.R. Strong, S.E. Ramsey, P.M. Monti and R.A. Brown (2007). The Commitment to Quitting Smoking Scale: initial validation in a smoking cessation trial for heavy social drinkers. Addict Behav 32(10): 2420–24 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.04.002
Kaplan, S. (2018). Big tobacco’s global seach on social media. New York Times,
24 August. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/health/tobacco-social-media-smoking.html
Kary, T. and C. Gretler (2020). Tobacco companies tried to profit off virus, lawmaker group says. Bloomberg, 22 December.
https://tinyurl.com/54m94c2e
Kasza, K.A., K.C. Edwards and H.L. Kimmel et al. (2021) Association of e-cigarette use with discontinuation of cigarette smoking among adult smokers who were initially never planning to quit. JAMA Netw Open 4(12): e2140880 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.40880
Kasza, K.A., A.J. Hyland and R. Borland et al. (2013). Effectiveness of stop-smoking medications: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Addiction 108(1): 193–202
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04009.x
Keane, H. (2013). Making smokers different with nicotine: NRT and quitting. Int J Drug Policy 24(3): 189–95 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.01.011
Keith, R. and A. Bhatnagar (2021). Cardiorespiratory and immunologic effects of electronic cigarettes. Curr Addict Rep: 1–11
DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00359-7
Kelly, B.C. and M. Vuolo (2018). Trajectories of marijuana use and the transition to adulthood. Soc Sci Res 73: 175–88 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.03.006
Kennedy, C. and H. Hartig (2019). Response rates in telephone surveys have resumed their decline. Pew Research Center Fact Tank, 27 February. https://tinyurl.com/ym2mrxen
Kennedy, C.D., M.C.I, van Schalkwyk, M. McKee and C. Pisinger (2019). The cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes: a systematic review of experimental studies. Prev Med 127: 105770
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105770
Kennedy, S. (2019). The burning question: why does PMI continue to sell cigarettes in Indonesia? Philip Morris International, 17 September. https://tinyurl.com/5638kf4f
Khouja, J.N., S.F. Suddell, S.E. Peters, A.E. Taylor and M.R. Munafo (2020). Is e-cigarette use in non-smoking young adults associated with later smoking? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Control (30)1: 8–15
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055433
King, A. (1913). The cigarette habit: a scientific cure. Kingswood, Surrey: The World’s Work.
King, L.A., R.S. Newson and G.E. Cohen et al. (2015). Tracking funded health intervention research. Med J Aust 203(4): 184e 1–4
DOI: 10.5694/mja14.01540
Kishchuk, N., M. Tremblay, J. Lapierre, B. Heneman and J. O’Loughlin (2004). Qualitative investigation of young smokers’ and ex-smokers’ views on smoking cessation methods. Nicotine Tob Res 6(3): 491–500
DOI: 10.1080/14622200410001696565
Klein, R. (1993). Cigarettes are sublime. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Klingemann, H., M.B. Sobell and L.C. Sobell (2010). Continuities and changes in self-change research. Addiction 105(9): 1510–18
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02770.x
Kluge, A. (2009). A qualitative inquiry into smoking cessation: lessons learned from smokers. Graduate School. Atlanta: Emory University. https://tinyurl.com/bdeff84m
Knight, J. and S. Chapman (2004). “A phony way to show sincerity, as we all well know”: tobacco industry lobbying against tobacco control in Hong Kong. Tob Control 13 Suppl 2: ii13–21 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2004.007641
Kodjak, A. (2017). In ads, tobacco companies admit they made cigarettes more addictive. National Public Radio, 27 November. https://tinyurl.com/65en6n6s
Kompier, M.A. (2006). The “Hawthorne effect” is a myth, but what keeps the story going? Scand J Work Environ Health 32(5): 402–12 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.1036
Kotz, D., J. Brown and R. West (2014). “Real-world” effectiveness of smoking cessation treatments: a population study. Addiction 109(3): 491–99
DOI: 10.1111/add.12429
Kotz, D., J.A. Fidler and R. West (2011). Did the introduction of varenicline in England substitute for or add to the use of other smoking cessation medications? Nicotine Tob Res 13(9): 793–99 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr075
Krasnegor, N.A. (1979). Cigarette smoking as a dependence process. Research Monograph Series 23. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Krist, A.H., K.W. Davidson and C.M. Mangione et al. (2021). Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 325(3): 265–79 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.25019
Kuipers, M.A.G., E. Beard, R. West and J. Brown (2018). Associations between tobacco control mass media campaign expenditure and smoking prevalence and quitting in England: a time series analysis. Tob Control 27(4): 455–62 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053662
Laine, C. and F. Davidoff, (1996). Patient-centered medicine: a professional evolution. JAMA 275(2): 152–56 DOI: 10.1001/jama.1996.03530260066035
Landman, A., P.M. Ling and S.A. Glantz (2002). Tobacco industry youth smoking prevention programs: protecting the industry and hurting tobacco control. Am J Public Health 92(6): 917–30 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.92.6.917
Lane, C. (2007). Shyness: how normal behavior became a sickness. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Larabie, L.C. (2005). To what extent do smokers plan quit attempts? Tob Control 14(6): 425–28 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2005.013615
Lasser, K., J.W. Boyd, S. Woolhandler, D.U. Himmelstein, D. McCormick and D.H. Bor (2000). Smoking and mental illness: a population-based prevalence study. JAMA 284(20): 2606–10 DOI: 10.1001/jama.284.20.2606
Lawlor, D.A., S. Frankel, M. Shaw, S. Ebrahim and G.D. Smith (2003). Smoking and ill health: does lay epidemiology explain the failure of smoking cessation programs among deprived populations? Am J Public Health 93(2): 266–70 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.93.2.266
Lawrence, D., J. Hafekost, P. Hull. F. Mitrou and S.R. Zubrick (2013). Smoking, mental illness and socioeconomic disadvantage: analysis of the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. BMC Public Health 13: 462 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-462
Layden, J.E., I. Ghinai and I. Pray et al. (2020). Pulmonary illness related to e-cigarette use in Illinois and Wisconsin: final report. N Engl J Med 382(10): 903–16 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911614
Le Fanu, J. (2018). Mass medicalisation is an iatrogenic catastrophe. BMJ 361: k2794 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k2794
Le Strat, Y., J. Rehm and B. Le Foll (2011). How generalisable to community samples are clinical trial results for treatment of nicotine dependence: a comparison of common eligibility criteria with respondents of a large representative general population survey. Tob Control 20(5): 338–43
DOI: 10.1136/tc.2010.038703
Leas, E.C., J.P. Pierce and T. Benmarhnia et al. (2018). Effectiveness of pharmaceutical smoking cessation aids in a nationally representative cohort of American smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 110(6): 581–87
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx240
Leatherdale, S.T. and J.M. Strath (2007). Tobacco retailer density surrounding schools and cigarette access behaviors among underage smoking students. Ann Behav Med 33(1): 105–11 DOI: 10.1207/s15324796abm3301_12
Lee, C.W. and J. Kahende (2007). Factors associated with successful smoking cessation in the United States, 2000. Am J Public Health 97(8): 1503–09
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.083527
Lee, D.J., L.E. Fleming and K.E. McCollister et al. (2007). Healthcare provider smoking cessation advice among US worker groups. Tob Control 16(5): 325–28 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2006.019117
Lee, J.G.L., A.Y. Kong and K.B. Sewell et al. (2021). Associations of tobacco retailer density and proximity with adult tobacco use behaviours and health outcomes: a meta-analysis. Tob Control
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056717
Lemere, F. (1953). What happens to alcoholics? Am J Psychiatry 109: 674–76
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.109.9.674
Lendvai, B. and E.S. Vizi (2008). Nonsynaptic chemical transmission through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Physiol Rev 88(2): 333–49
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2006
Lennox, A.S. and R.J. Taylor (1994). Factors associated with outcome in unaided smoking cessation, and a comparison of those who have never tried to stop with those who have. Br J Gen Pract 44(383): 245–50.
Leonard, K.E. and G.G. Homish (2005). Changes in marijuana use over the transition into marriage. J Drug Issues 35(2): 409–29
DOI: 10.1177/002204260503500209
Levinson, A.H., E.A. Borrayo, P. Espinoza, E.T. Flores and E.J Pérez-Stable (2006). An exploration of Latino smokers and the use of pharmaceutical aids. Am J Prev Med 31(2): 167–71 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.03.022
Levy, D.T., F. Chaloupka and J. Gitchell (2004). The effects of tobacco control policies on smoking rates: a tobacco control scorecard. J Public Health Manag Pract 10(4): 338–53 DOI: 10.1097/00124784-200407000-00011
Levy, D.T., K. Friend, H. Holder and M. Carmona (2001). Effect of policies directed at youth access to smoking: results from the SimSmoke computer simulation model. Tob Control 10(2): 108–16 DOI: 10.1136/tc.10.2.108
Levy, D.T., A.L. Graham, P.L. Mabry, D.B. Abrams and C.T. Orleans (2010). Modeling the impact of smoking-cessation treatment policies on quit rates. Am J Prev Med 38(3 Suppl): S364–72 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.11.016
Levy, D.T., P.L. Mabry, A.L. Graham, C.T. Orleans and D.B. Abrams (2010). Exploring scenarios to dramatically reduce smoking prevalence: a simulation model of the three-part cessation process. Am J Public Heath 100(7): 1253–55 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.166785
Levy, D.T., P.L. Mabry, A.L. Graham, C.T. Orleans and D.B Abrams (2010). Reaching healthy people 2010 by 2013: a SimSmoke simulation. Am J Prev Med 38(3 Suppl): S373–81 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.11.018
Levy, D.T., J. Tam, C. Kuo, G.T. Fong and F. Chaloupka (2018). The impact of implementing tobacco control policies: the 2017 Tobacco Control Policy Scorecard. J Public Health Manag Pract 24(5): 448–57
DOI: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000000780
Licht, A.S., A. Hyland, M.J. Travers and S. Chapman (2013). Secondhand smoke exposure levels in outdoor hospitality venues: a qualitative and quantitative review of the research literature. Tob Control 22(3): 172–79
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050493
Lichtenstein, E. and R.E. Glasgow (1992). Smoking cessation: what have we learned over the past decade? J Consult Clin Psychol 60(4): 518–27
DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.60.4.518
Lindson, N. and P. Aveyard (2011). An updated meta-analysis of nicotine preloading for smoking cessation: investigating mediators of the effect. Psychopharmacol 214(3): 579–92 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2069-3
Long, A. (1975). “What does ‘hazard’ mean?”: a survey of Sydney schoolchildren. Med J Aust 2(5): 175–77 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1975.tb99496.x
Lucas, N., N. Gurram and T. Thimasarn-Anwar (2020). Smoking and vaping behaviours among 14 and 15-year-olds: results from the 2018 Youth Insights Survey. Wellington: Health Promotion Agency/Te Hiringa Hauora Research and Evaluation Unit. https://tinyurl.com/54h5ee7p
Lupton, D. (1995). Medical and health stories on the Sydney Morning Herald’s front page. Aust J Public Health 19(5): 501–08
DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00418.x
Mackenzie, C. (1957). Sublime tobacco. London: Chatto & Windus.
Mandel, L.L., S.A. Bialous and S.A. Glantz (2006). Avoiding “truth”: tobacco industry promotion of life skills training. J Adolesc Health 39(6): 868–79
DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.06.010
Mariezcurrena, R. (1994). Recovery from addictions without treatment: literature review. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 23(3–4): 131–54
DOI: 10.1080/16506079409455971
Mariezcurrena, R. (1996). Recovery from addictions without treatment: an interview study. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 25(2): 57–85
DOI: 10.1080/16506079609456012
Marsh, A. and J. Matheson (1983). Smoking behaviour and attitudes: an enquiry carried out on behalf of the Department of Health and Social Security. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, Social Survey Division. London: HMSO.
https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=mldl0004
Martin, E.M., P.N. Clapp and M.E. Rebuli (2016). E-cigarette use results in suppression of immune and inflammatory-response genes in nasal epithelial cells similar to cigarette smoke. Am J Physiol-Lung Cell Molec Physiol 311(1): L135–L44 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00170.2016
Mathews, R., W.D. Hall and C.E. Gartner (2010). Is there evidence of “hardening” among Australian smokers between 1997 and 2007? Analyses of the Australian National Surveys of Mental Health and Well-being. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 44(12): 1132–36 DOI: 10.3109/00048674.2010.520116
Mattick, R. and A. Baillie (eds) (1992) An outline for approaches to smoking cessation: quality assurance in the treatment of drug dependence project. National Campaign Against Drug Abuse Monograph Series No. 19. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Maziak, W. and Z. Ben Taleb (2017). Eurobarometer survey and e-cigarettes: unsubstantiated claims. Addiction 112(3): 545 DOI: 10.1111/add.13586
McCormack, B. and T.V. McCance (2006). Development of a framework for person-centred nursing. J Adv Nurs 56(5): 472–79
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04042.x
McDaniel, P.A., E.A. Lown and R.E. Malone (2017). “It doesn’t seem to make sense for a company that sells cigarettes to help smokers stop using them”: a case study of Philip Morris’s involvement in smoking cessation. PLOS One 12(8): e0183961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183961
McDermott, E., H. Graham and V. Hamilton (2004). Experiences of being a teenage mother in the UK: a report of a systematic review of qualitative studies. Glasgow: Social and Public Health Services Unit, University of Glasgow. https://tinyurl.com/22etpz9r
McDermott, L.J., A.J. Dobson and N. Owen (2006). From partying to parenthood: young women’s perceptions of cigarette smoking across life transitions. Health Ed Res 21(3): 428–39 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyl041
McDonald, C.F., S. Jones and L. Beckert et al. (2020). Electronic cigarettes: a position statement from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand. Respirol 25(10): 1082–89 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13904
McKie, J. and J. Richardson (2003). The rule of rescue. Soc Sci Med 56(12): 2407–19 DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00244-7
McMichael, A.J. (1999). Prisoners of the proximate: loosening the constraints on epidemiology in an age of change. Am J Epidemiol 149(10): 887–97
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009732
McMillen, R., J.D. Klein, K. Wilson, J.P. Winickoff and S. Tanski (2019). E-cigarette use and future cigarette initiation among never smokers and relapse among former smokers in the PATH study. Public Health Rep 134(5): 528–36
DOI: 10.1177/0033354919864369
McNeill, A. (2020). Public Submission 195 to the Senate Select Committee on Harm reduction, “additional comment to the Australian Select Committee on Tobacco Harm Reduction”. https://tinyurl.com/3h7he9r2
McNeill, A., L.S. Brose, R. Calder, L. Bauld and D. Robson (2020). Vaping in England: 2020 evidence update summary. London: Public Health England. https://tinyurl.com/4tw8tr52
McNeill, A., M. Raw, J. Whybrow and P. Bailey (2005). A national strategy for smoking cessation treatment in England. Addiction 100: 1–11
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01022.x
Medbø, A., H. Melbye and C.E. Rudebeck (2011). “I did not intend to stop. I just could not stand cigarettes any more”: a qualitative interview study of smoking cessation among the elderly. BMC Fam Pract 12: 42
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2296-12-42
Mejia, P., L. Dorfman and A. Cheyne et al. (2014). The origins of personal responsibility rhetoric in news coverage of the tobacco industry. Am J Public Health 104(6): 1048–51 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301754
Mellor, R., K. Lancaster and A. Ritter (2019). Systematic review of untreated remission from alcohol problems: estimation lies in the eye of the beholder. J Subst Abuse Treat 102: 60–72 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2019.04.004
Menashe, C.L. and M. Siegel (1998). The power of a frame: an analysis of newspaper coverage of tobacco issues—United States, 1985–1996. J Health Commun 3(4): 307–25 DOI: 10.1080/108107398127139
Mersha, A.G., M, Kennedy, P. Eftekhari and G.S. Gould (2021). Predictors of adherence to smoking cessation medications among current and ex-smokers in Australia: findings from a national cross-sectional survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(22): 12225 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212225
Mild, light descriptions axed. (2005). Sydney Morning Herald, 8 November. https://www.smh.com.au/national/mild-light-cigarette-descriptions-axed-20051108-gdmebd.html
Miller, C.L., M. Wakefield and L. Roberts (2003). Uptake and effectiveness of the Australian telephone quitline service in the context of a mass media campaign. Tob Control 12 Suppl 2: ii53–58 https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/12/suppl_2/ii53.full.pdf
Miller, C.R., D.M. Smith and M.L. Goniewicz (2020). Changes in nicotine product use among dual users of tobacco and electronic cigarettes: findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, 2013–2015. Subst Use Misuse 55(6): 909–13 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1710211
Miller, P.M. and J.P. Smith (2010). What do marshmallows and golf tell us about natural recovery research? Addiction 105: 1521–22
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03034.x
Milne, E. (2005). NHS smoking cessation services and smoking prevalence: observational study. BMJ 330(7494): 760 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38407.755521.F7
Ministry of Health New Zealand (2021a). Aotearoa aspires to be world’s first smokefree nation with launch of smokefree action plan.
https://tinyurl.com/2wpb3res
Ministry of Health New Zealand (2021b). Vaping information for all industry. https://tinyurl.com/mpax9mme
MMWR (1997). Cigarette smoking among adults: United States, 1995. MMWR – Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 46(51): 1217–20. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00050525.htm
Mooney, M., D. White and D. Hatsukami (2004). The blind spot in the nicotine replacement therapy literature: assessment of the double-blind in clinical trials. Addict Behav 29(4): 673–84
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.010S0306460304000176
Morphett, K., D. Fraser and R. Borland et al. (2021). A pragmatic randomised comparative trial of e-cigarettes and other nicotine products for quitting or long-term substitution in smokers. Nicotine Tob Res
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab266
Moynihan, R. and A. Cassells (2005). Selling sickness: how drug companies are turning us all into patients. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Murray, R.L., S.A. Lewis, T. Coleman, J. Britton and A. McNeill (2010). Unplanned attempts to quit smoking: a qualitative exploration. Addiction 105(7): 1299–302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02980.x
Ndawula, J. (2004). Carrots can help you quit smoking. NewVision. https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1093021/carrots-help-quit-smoking
National Academies of Science Engineering and Medicine (2018). Public health consequences of e-cigarettes: conclusions by outcome. https://www.nap.edu/resource/24952/012318ecigaretteConclusionsbyOutcome.pdf
National Cancer Institute (2000). Population based smoking cessation: proceedings of a conference on what works to influence cessation in the general population. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/12/entire_monograph-12.pdf
National Health and Medical Research Council (1957). Report of the NHMRC’s 43rd session. NHMRC.
National Health and Medical Research Council (2019). Payment of participants in research: information for researchers, HRECs and other ethics review bodies. Canberra: NHMRC. https://tinyurl.com/mrdcebxh
National Health Service Digital (2020). Statistics on smoking, England 2020: Part 3 – affordability and expenditure on tobacco. https://tinyurl.com/2p96v8nn
National Health Service Digital (2020) Statistics on smoking, England 2020. https://tinyurl.com/m6ncd98v
National Institute for Health Care Excellence UK (2018). Stop smoking interventions and services. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng92/chapter/recommendations
National Institute for Health Innovation (2013). Professor David Nutt discusses e-cigarettes. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7BAPQv_mJcc_qrQdNWCsRA
National Statistics (2012). Statistics on smoking in England, 2012. https://files.digital.nhs.uk/publicationimport/pub07xxx/pub07019/smok-eng-2012-rep.pdf
Neuman, M.D., A. Bitton and S.A. Glantz (2005). Tobacco industry influence on the definition of tobacco related disorders by the American Psychiatric Association. Tob Control 14(5): 328–37 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2004.010512
Newport, F. (2013). Most US smokers want to quit, have tried multiple times: former smokers say best way to quit is just to stop “cold turkey”. https://news.gallup.com/poll/163763/smokers-quit-tried-multiple-times.aspx
Newson, R., L. King and L. Rychetnik et al. (2015). A mixed methods study of the factors that influence whether intervention research has policy and practice impacts: perceptions of Australian researchers. BMJ Open 5(7): e008153
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008153
Nezami, E., S. Sussman and M.-A. Pentz (2003). Motivation in tobacco use cessation research. Substance Use & Misuse 38(1): 25–50
DOI: 10.1081/JA-120016564
Nguyen, T.N. and S. Chapman (2005). The fate of papers rejected from tobacco control. Tob Control 14: 293. DOI: 10.1081/JA-120016564
NHS Digital (2017). Statistics on smoking, England – 2017 [PAS]. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/statistics-on-smoking/statistics-on-smoking-england-2017-pas
Niaura, R., J.T. Hayes and D.E. Jorenby et al. (2008). The efficacy and safety of varenicline for smoking cessation using a flexible dosing strategy in adult smokers: a randomized controlled trial. Curr Med Res Opin 24(7): 1931–41 DOI: 10.1185/03007990802177523
Nichter, M., M. Nichter and M. Muramoto et al. (2007). Smoking among low-income pregnant women: an ethnographic analysis. Health Educ Behav 34(5): 748–64 DOI: 10.1177/1090198106290397
Notley, C., S. Gentry and S. Cox et al. (2021). Youth use of e-liquid flavours: a systematic review exploring patterns of use of e liquid flavours and associations with continued vaping, tobacco smoking uptake, or cessation. Addiction DOI: 10.1111/add.15723
Nutt, D.J., L.D. Phillips and D. Balfour et al. (2014). Estimating the harms of nicotine-containing products using the MCDA approach. Eur Addict Res 20(5): 218–25 DOI: 10.1159/000360220
O’Brien, D., J. Long, C. Lee, A. McCarthy and J. Quigley (2020). Electronic cigarette use and tobacco cigarette smoking initiation in adolescents: an evidence review. Dublin: Health Research Board (Ireland). https://tinyurl.com/2p9b8bwm
Oakes, W., S. Chapman, R. Borland, J. Balmford and L. Trotter (2004). “Bulletproof skeptics in life’s jungle”: which self-exempting beliefs about smoking most predict lack of progression towards quitting? Prev Med 39(4): 776–82 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.03.001
Ochsner, A. (1971). Bronchogenic carcinoma, a largely preventable lesion assuming epidemic proportions. Chest 59(4): 358–59
DOI: 10.1378/chest.59.4.358
Office for National Statistics (2020a). Adult smoking habits in the UK: 2019. https://tinyurl.com/mrxkeyaj
Office for National Statistics (2020b). Data set: e-cigarette use in Great Britain. https://tinyurl.com/56vht3vn
Office for National Statistics (2021). Opinions and lifestyle survey (QMI): Smoking. https://tinyurl.com/257ub525
Ogden, J. and L. Hills (2008). Understanding sustained behavior change: the role of life crises and the process of reinvention. Health (London) 12(4): 419–37 DOI: 10.1177/1363459308094417
Onakpoya, I.J., C.J Heneghan and J.K. Aronson (2016). Post-marketing withdrawal of 462 medicinal products because of adverse drug reactions: a systematic review of the world literature. BMC Med 14: 10
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0553-2
Orford, J. (1985). Excessive appetites: a psychological view of addictions. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Orford, J., R. Hodgson, and A. Copello et al. (2006). The clients’ perspective on change during treatment for an alcohol problem: qualitative analysis of follow-up interviews in the UK alcohol treatment trial. Addiction 101(1): 60–68 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01291.x
Orleans, C.T., P.L. Mabry and D.B. Abrams (2010). Increasing tobacco cessation in America: a consumer demand perspective. Am J Prev Med 38: S303–S06
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.01.013
Osibogun, O., Z. Bursac, M. McKee, T. Li and W. Maziak (2020). Cessation outcomes in adult dual users of e-cigarettes and cigarettes: the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health cohort study, USA, 2013–2016. Int J Public Health 65(6): 923–36 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-020-01436-w
Owen, N. and M.J. Davies (1990). Smokers’ preferences for assistance with cessation. Prev Med 19(4): 424–31 DOI: 10.1016/0091-7435(90)90040-q
Parssinen, T. (2017). How Americans learned about the dangers of cigarette smoking. ATINER Conference Presentation Series No: HUM2017-0002. Athens. https://www.atiner.gr/presentations/HUM2017-0002.pdf
Paul, C.L., F. Tzelepis, R.A. Walsh and R. Turner (2007). Pharmacists on the front line in providing support for nicotine replacement therapy and bupropion purchasers. Drug Alcohol Rev 26(4): 429–33
DOI: 10.1080/09595230701373966
Pearce, J., R. Hiscock, G. Moon and R. Barnett (2009). The neighbourhood effects of geographical access to tobacco retailers on individual smoking behaviour.
J Epidemiol Community Health 63(1): 69–77 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2007.070656
Pechacek, T., H.A. Lando, F. Nothwehr and E. Lichtenstein (1994). Quit and win: a community-wide approach to smoking cessation. Tob Control 3: 236–41
DOI: 10.1006/pmed.2001.0883
Peele, S. (1989). Diseasing of America: how we allowed recovery zealots and the treatment industry to convince us we are out of control. Lexington: Lexington Books.
Persoskie, A. and W.L. Nelson (2013). Just blowing smoke? Social desirability and reporting of intentions to quit smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 15(12): 2088–93 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt101
Peters, M.J. (2020). Electronic cigarettes: tumultuous times. Respirol 25(6): 570–71 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13725
Peto, R. and A.D. Lopez (2001). Future worldwide health effects of current smoking patterns. In Pearson, C.E., C.E. Koop and M.R. Schwarz (eds), Critical issues in global health. San Francisco: Wiley (Jossey-Bass): 154–61.
Philip Morris International (1985). The perspective of PM International on smoking and health issues. Ness Motley Law Firm Documents: University of California San Francisco.
https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/pxpb0040
Philip Morris International (2021). How cigarettes are made. https://www.pmi.com/investor-relations/overview/how-cigarettes-are-made
Philip Morris Records (1983). Status report on anti-industry activities in Australia 830415. Master Settlement Agreement. University of California, San Francisco.
https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=mmhn0127
Philip Morris v. Uruguay (2021). Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Morris_v._Uruguay
Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada (2020) Tobacco in Canada. Addressing knowledge gaps important to tobacco regulation environmental scan – Winter 2019–2020 http://smoke-free.ca/SUAP/2020/environmental%20scan%20fall-winter%202019.pdf
Pierce, J.P., T. Benmarhnia and R. Chen et al. (2020). Role of e-cigarettes and pharmacotherapy during attempts to quit cigarette smoking: the PATH Study 2013–16. PLOS One 15(9): e0237938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237938
Pierce, J.P., S.E. Cummins, M.M. White, A. Humphrey and K. Messer (2012). Quitlines and nicotine replacement for smoking cessation: do we need to change policy? Ann Rev Public Health 33: 341–56
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124624
Pierce, J.P., T. Dwyer, G. Frape, S. Chapman, A. Chamberlain and N. Burke (1986). Evaluation of the Sydney “Quit. For Life” anti-smoking campaign: Part 1 – Achievement of intermediate goals. Med J Aust 144(7): 341–44.
Pierce, M. and G. Chiarenza (n.d.). 33 famous guitarists: their first guitar and how they learned to play. Equipboard. https://equipboard.com/posts/33-famous-guitarists-their-first-guitar-how-they-learned-to-play
Pilnick, A. and T. Coleman (2010). “Do your best for me”: the difficulties of finding a clinically effective endpoint in smoking cessation consultations in primary care. Health (London) 14(1): 57–74
DOI: 10.1177/1363459309347489
Pine-Abata, H., A. McNeill, R. Murray, A. Bitton, N. Rigotti and M. Raw (2013). A survey of tobacco dependence treatment services in 121 countries. Addiction 108(8): 1476–84 DOI: 10.1111/add.12172
Pinney, J.M. (1995). Review of the current status of smoking cessation in the USA: assumptions and realities. Tob Control Autumn: S10–S14 https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/4/Suppl_2/S10
Pisinger, C., N. Godtfredsen and A.M. Bender (2019). A conflict of interest is strongly associated with tobacco industry-favourable results, indicating no harm of e-cigarettes. Prev Med 119: 124–31
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.12.011
Pisinger, C. and N.S. Godtfredsen (2007). Is there a health benefit of reduced tobacco consumption? A systematic review. Nicotine Tob Res 9(6): 631–46 DOI: 10.1080/14622200701365327
Pollard, M.S., J.S. Tucker, K. de la Haye, H.D. Green and D.P. Kennedy (2014). A prospective study of marijuana use change and cessation among adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend 144: 134–40 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.019
Polosa, R., F. Cibella and P. Caponnetto et al. (2017). Health impact of e-cigarettes: a prospective 3.5-year study of regular daily users who have never smoked. Sci Rep 7(1): 13825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14043-2
Porter, B. (2021). Tips and tricks to improve survey response rate. https://www.surveymonkey.com/curiosity/improve-survey-response-rate/
Porter, M. (2016). E-cigarettes, Asherman’s syndrome, rugby. Inside Health. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b070dq8h
Potter, J. (1991). Quantification rhetoric. Cancer on television. Discourse and Society 2(3): 333–65 https://tinyurl.com/58mkuhtu
Pound, P., N. Britten and M. Morgan et al. (2005). Resisting medicines: a synthesis of qualitative studies of medicine taking. Soc Sci Med 61(1): 133–55
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.063
Primack, B.A., S. Soneji, M. Stoolmiller, M.J. Fine and J.D. Sargent (2015). Progression to traditional cigarette smoking after electronic cigarette use among US adolescents and young adults. JAMA Pediatr 169(11): 1018–23 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.1742
Prochaska, J.J. and N.L. Benowitz (2019). Current advances in research in treatment and recovery: nicotine addiction. Sci Adv 5(10): eaay9763
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9763
Prochaska, J.O. and W.F. Velicer (1997). The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. Am J Health Prom 12(1):38–48
DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38
Prochaska, J.O. and C.C. DiClemente (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol 51(3):390 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.51.3.390
Przulj, D., L. Wehbe, H. McRobbie and P. Hajek (2019). Progressive nicotine patch dosing prior to quitting smoking: feasibility, safety and effects during the pre-quit and post-quit periods. Addiction 114(3): 515–22
DOI: 10.1111/add.14483
Public Health England (2013). Stoptober challenge reaches new high as country’s biggest mass quit attempt. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/stoptober-challenge-reaches-new-high-as-countrys-biggest-mass-quit-attempt
Public Health England (2017). Switch. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qljBzXmTqjE
Public Health England (2019). Health matters. Stopping smoking: What works? https://bit.ly/3MLnzIZ
Qiu, D., T. Chen, T. Lin and F. Song (2020). Smoking cessation and related factors in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: evidence from a longitudinal study. PLOS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240806
Quigley, H. and J.H. MacCabe (2019). The relationship between nicotine and psychosis. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 9: 2045125319859969
DOI: 10.1177/2045125319859969
Quigley, J., H. Kennelly and C. Lee et al (2020). Electronic cigarettes and smoking cessation: an evidence review. Dublin, Ireland: Health Research Board. https://tinyurl.com/2v8rkehp
Rahmani, N., S. Veldhuizen, B. Wong, P. Selby and L. Zawertailo (2021). The effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy in light versus heavier smokers. Nicotine Tob Res DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab096
Ranney, L. (2019). Flavored e-cigarettes sweetly lure kids into vaping and also mislead them to dismiss danger, studies suggest. Conversation, 16 September. https://tinyurl.com/4jefctax
Rapaport, L. (2019). Tobacco, vape shops sell more to minors than other retailers. Reuters, 26 June. https://tinyurl.com/2p895ca7
Raupach, T., R. West and J. Brown (2013). The most “successful” method for failing to quit smoking is unassisted cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 15: 748–49 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts164
Rayner, J.A., P. Pyett and J. Astbury (2010). The medicalisation of “tall” girls: a discourse analysis of medical literature on the use of synthetic oestrogen to reduce female height. Soc Sci Med 71(6): 1076–83
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.026
Redfield, R.R., S.M. Hahn and N.E. Sharpless (2020). Redoubling efforts to help Americans quit smoking: federal initiatives to tackle the country’s longest-running epidemic. N Engl J Med 383(17): 1606–09
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2003255
Renaud, M. (1975). On the structural constraints to state intervention in health. Int J Health Serv 5(4): 559–71 DOI: 10.2190/YRMC-J8L8-LB62-W9NA
Retail display ban. (2021) Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_display_ban
Reuters staff. (2018). New Zealand court gives Philip Morris nod to sell heated tobacco product. Reuters, 28 March.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-pmi-idUSKBN1H333X
Riemsma, R.P., J. Pattenden and C. Bridle et al. (2003). Systematic review of the effectiveness of stage based interventions to promote smoking cessation. BMJ 326(7400): 1175–77 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1175
Robins, L.N., D.H. Davis and D.N. Nurco (1974). How permanent was Vietnam drug addiction? Am J Public Health 64 Suppl 12: 38–43
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.64.12_suppl.38
Robinson, M., D. Mackay, L. Giles, J. Lewsey, E. Richardson and C. Beeston (2021). Evaluating the impact of minimum unit pricing (MUP) on off-trade alcohol sales in Scotland: an interrupted time-series study. Addiction 116(10): 2697–707 DOI: 10.1111/add.15478
Rodda, S., D.I. Lubman, K. Letage (2012). Problem gambling: aetiology, identification, management. Australian Family Physician 41(7): 725–29
DOI: 10.3316/informit.737687573851487
Roemer, R. (1993). Legislative action to combat the world tobacco epidemic. 2nd edn. Geneva: WHO.
Roher, E. (2007). What would Baden-Powell do? BBC News, 27 July. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6918066.stm
Roizen, R., D. Cahalan and P. Shanks (1978). Spontaneous remission among untreated problem drinkers. In D.B. Kandel (ed.) Longitudinal research on drug use: empirical findings and methodological issues. Washington: Hemisphere.
Rothwell, P.M. (2005). External validity of randomised controlled trials: “To whom do the results of this trial apply?” Lancet 365(9453): 82–93
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17670-8
Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (2021). Supporting smoking cessation: a guide for health professionals. Sydney: RACGP. https://tinyurl.com/3efxudmv
Rudie, M. and L. Bailey (2018). Results from the 2017 NAQC annual survey of quitlines. North American Quitline Consortium. https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.naquitline.org/resource/resmgr/research/FULLSLIDESFY17.pdf
Russell, M.A. (1976). Low-tar medium-nicotine cigarettes: a new approach to safer smoking. BMJ 1(6023): 1430–3 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.6023.1430
Russell, M.A., C. Wilson, C. Taylor and C.D. Baker (1979). Effect of general practitioners’ advice against smoking. BMJ 2(6184): 231–5
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.6184.231
Russo, E. (2005). Follow the money: the politics of embryonic stem cell research. PLOS Biol 3(7): e234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030234
Rychetnik, L., M. Frommer, P. Hawe and A. Shiell (2002). Criteria for evaluating evidence on public health interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health 56(2): 119–27 DOI: 10.1136/jech.56.2.119
Sami, M., C. Notley, C. Kouimtsidis, M. Lynskey and S. Bhattacharyya (2019). Psychotic-like experiences with cannabis use predict cannabis cessation and desire to quit: a cannabis discontinuation hypothesis. Psychol Med 49(1): 103–12 DOI: 10.1017/S0033291718000569
Saunders, W. and P. Kershaw (1979). Spontaneous remission from alcoholism: a community study. Br J Addiction 74: 251–68
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1979.tb01346.x
Schaal, C. and S.P. Chellappan (2014). Nicotine-mediated cell proliferation and tumor progression in smoking-related cancers. Mol Cancer Res 12(1): 14–23 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-13-0541
Schachter, S. (1982). Recidivism and self-cure of smoking and obesity. Am Psychologist 37(4): 436–44 DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.37.4.436
Schnoll, R.A., J.A. Epstein and R. Niaura et al. (2008). Can the blind see? Participant guess about treatment arm assignment may influence outcome in a clinical trial of bupropion for smoking cessation. J Substance Abuse Treatment 34(2): 234–41 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2007.04.004
Schulenberg, J.E., A.C. Merline, L.D. Johnston, P.M. O’Malley, J.G. Bachman and V.B. Laetz (2005). Trajectories of marijuana use during the transition to adulthood: the big picture based on national panel data. J Drug Issues 35(2): 255–79 DOI: 10.1177/002204260503500203
Schulz, K.F. and D.A. Grimes (2002). Sample size slippages in randomised trials: exclusions and the lost and wayward. Lancet 359(9308): 781–85
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07882-0
Schwab, C. (1993). Cigarette advertising and quitting. New York: Philip Morris USA. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=ljgj0106
Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks (SCHEER) (2021). Final opinion on electronic cigarettes. Brussels: European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/default/files/scientific_committees/scheer/docs/scheer_o_017.pdf
Scollo, M. (2020). Chapter 13: Taxation. In Greenhalgh, E.M., M.M. Scollo and M.H. Winstanley (eds) Tobacco in Australia: facts and issues. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria.
https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-13-taxation
Scollo, M., M. Bayly and M. Wakefield (2015). The advertised price of cigarette packs in retail outlets across Australia before and after the implementation of plain packaging: a repeated measures observational study. Tob Control 24(Suppl 2): ii82–ii89 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051950
Segan, C.J., R. Borland and K.M. Greenwood (2002). Do transtheoretical model measures predict the transition from preparation to action in smoking cessation? Psychol Health 17: 417–35 DOI: 10.1080/0887044022000004911
Seidel, A.K., A. Pedersen, R. Hanewinkel and M. Morgenstern (2019). Cessation of cannabis use: a retrospective cohort study. Psychiatry Res 279: 40–46
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.07.003
Self selection bias. (2020) Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-selection_bias
Shaw, R.L., A. Booth and A.J. Sutton et al. (2004). Finding qualitative research: an evaluation of search strategies. BMC Med Res Methodol 4: 5
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-4-5
Shiffman, S. (2007). Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation in the “real world”. Thorax 62(11): 930–31 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2007.081919
Shiffman, S., S.E. Brockwell, J.L. Pillitteri and J.G. Gitchell (2008). Individual differences in adoption of treatment for smoking cessation: demographic and smoking history characteristics. Drug Alcohol Depend 93(1–2): 121–31
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.005
Shiffman, S., S.G. Ferguson, J. Rohay and J.G. Gitchell (2008). Perceived safety and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies among US smokers and ex-smokers: relationship with use and compliance. Addiction 103(8): 1371–78 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02268.x
Shiffman, S., J.R. Hughes, J.L. Pillitteri and S.L. Burton (2003). Persistent use of nicotine replacement therapy: an analysis of actual purchase patterns in a population based sample. Tob Control 12(3): 310–16
DOI: 10.1136/tc.12.3.310
SHORE & Whariki Research Centre (2014). Review of tobacco control services. Auckland: College of Health, Massey University. https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/review-of-tobacco-control-services-nov14.pdf
Shuttleworth, M. (2008). Scientific reductionism. Explorable. https://explorable.com/scientific-reductionism
Sjöström, H. and R. Nilsson (1972) Thalidomide and the power of the drug companies. London: Penguin.
Slutske, W.S. (2006). Natural recovery and treatment-seeking in pathological gambling: results of two US national surveys. Am J Psychiatry 163(2): 297–302 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.2.297
Slutske, W.S. (2010). Why is natural recovery so common for addictive disorders? Addiction 105(9): 1520–21 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03035.x
Slutske, W.S., A. Blaszczynski and N.G. Martin (2009). Sex differences in the rates of recovery, treatment-seeking, and natural recovery in pathological gambling: results from an Australian community-based twin survey. Twin Res Hum Genet 12(5): 425–32 DOI: 10.1375/twin.12.5.425
Smedslund, G., K.J. Fisher, S.M. Boles and E. Lichtenstein (2004). The effectiveness of workplace smoking cessation programmes: a meta-analysis of recent studies. Tob Control 13(2): 197–204 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2002.002915
Smit, E.S., J.A. Fidler and R. West (2011). The role of desire, duty and intention in predicting attempts to quit smoking. Addiction 106(4): 844–51
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03317.x
Smith, A. and S. Chapman (2014). Quitting smoking unassisted: the 50-year research neglect of a major public health phenomenon. JAMA 311(2): 137–38 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.282618
Smith, A.L. (2020). Being serious about quitting: a qualitative analysis of Australian ex-smokers’ explanations of their quitting success. Int J Drug Policy 86: 102942. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102942
Smith, A.L., S.M. Carter, S. Chapman, S.M. Dunlop and B. Freeman (2015a). Why do smokers try to quit without medication or counselling? A qualitative study with ex-smokers. BMJ Open 5(4): e007301
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007301
Smith, A.L., S.M. Carter, S.M. Dunlop, B. Freeman and S. Chapman (2015b). The views and experiences of smokers who quit smoking unassisted: a systematic review of the qualitative evidence. PLOS One 10(5): e0127144
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127144
Smith, A.L., S.M. Carter, S.M. Dunlop, B. Freeman and S. Chapman (2017). Measured, opportunistic, unexpected and naive quitting: a qualitative grounded theory study of the process of quitting from the ex-smokers’ perspective. BMC Public Health 17(1): 430 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4326-4
Smith, A.L., S.M. Carter, S.M. Dunlop, B. Freeman and S. Chapman (2018). Revealing the complexity of quitting smoking: a qualitative grounded theory study of the natural history of quitting in Australian ex-smokers. Tob Control 27(5): 568–76 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053919
Smith, A.L., S. Chapman and S.M. Dunlop (2015). What do we know about unassisted smoking cessation in Australia? A systematic review, 2005–2012. Tob Control 24: 18–27 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051019
Smith, D.R., R.A. Imawana, M.N. Solim and M.L. Goodson (2021). Exposure–lag response of smoking prevalence on lung cancer incidence using a distributed lag non-linear model. Nature Sci Rep 11(14478)
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91644-y
Smith, E.A. and R.E. Malone (2020). An argument for phasing out sales of cigarettes. Tob Control 29(6): 703–08
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055079
Smithers, R. (2016). Four in 10 retailers sell e-cigarettes and vaping liquids to under-18s. Guardian, 9 August. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/aug/09/four-in-10-retailers-sell-e-cigarettes-and-vaping-liquids-to-under-18s
Sobell, L.C. (2007). The phenomenon of self-change: overview and key issues. In Klingemann, H. and L.C. Sobell (eds) Promoting self-change from addictive behaviors. New York: Springer.
Sobell, L.C., J. Cunningham and M. Sobell (1996). Recovery from alcohol problems with and without treatment: prevalence in two population surveys. Am J Public Health 86(7): 966–72 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.86.7.966
Sollenberger R. and W. Bredderman (2022) Guess who’s secretly backing this “anti-smoking” vape group. The Daily Beast, 11 January.
https://tinyurl.com/yckukuj7
Solheim, K. (1989). The smoking cessation process. J Holistic Nursing 7(1): 26–33 DOI: 10.1177/089801018900700106
Song, Y., L. Zhao and K.M. Palipudi et al. (2016). Tracking MPOWER in 14 countries: results from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2008–2010. Glob Health Promot 23(2 Suppl): 24–37 DOI: 10.1177/1757975913501911
Song, Y.M., J. Sung and H.J. Cho (2008). Reduction and cessation of cigarette smoking and risk of cancer: a cohort study of Korean men. J Clin Oncol 26(31): 5101–06 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2008.17.0498
Springett, J., C. Owen and J. Callaghan (2007). The challenge of combining “lay” knowledge with “evidence-based” practice in health promotion: Fag Ends smoking cessation service. Crit Public Health 17(3): 243–56
DOI: 10.1080/09581590701225854
St Helen, G., K.C. Ross, D.A. Dempsey, C.M. Havel, P. Jacob and N. Benowitz (2016). Nicotine delivery and vaping behavior during ad libitum e-cigarette access. Tob Regul Sci 2(4): 363–76 DOI: 10.18001/TRS.2.4.8
Staff, J., B.C. Kelly, J.L. Maggs and M. Vuolo (2021). Adolescent electronic cigarette use and tobacco smoking in the Millennium Cohort Study. Addiction
DOI: 10.1111/add.15645
Stafford, B. (2017). Case closed: study shows no lung damage from vaping. https://regulatorwatch.com/brent_stafford/case-closed-study-shows-no-lung-damage-vaping/
Stapleton, J.A. (2010). Commentary on Banham & Gilbody (2010): the scandal of smoking and mental illness. Addiction 105(7): 1190–91
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03025.x
Statista (2021a). Number of prescription items of bupropion (Zyban) to quit smoking in England from 2000 to 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/370277/prescription-of-bupropion-to-quit-smoking-in-england/
Statista (2021b). Number of prescription items of nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) to quit smoking in England from 2000/01 to 2019/20. https://www.statista.com/statistics/370253/nicotine-replacement-therapies-in-england-uk/
Statista (2021c). Number of prescription items of varenicline (Champix) to quit smoking in England from 2006/07 to 2019/20.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/370285/prescription-items-of-varenicline-to-quit-smoking-in-england/
Statistics Canada (2021). Canadian Tobacco and Nicotine Survey: public use microdata file. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/13-25-0001/132500012021001-eng.htm
Stead, L.F. et al (2012). Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 11: Art. No.: CD000146
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub4
Stead, L.F., R. Perera, C. Bullen, D. Mant and T. Lancaster (2013). Physician advice for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (5): CD000165
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000165.pub4
Stead, L.F., R. Perera and T. Lancaster (2007). A systematic review of interventions for smokers who contact quitlines. Tob Control 16 Suppl 1: i3–8
DOI: 10.1136/tc.2006.019737
Stewart, C. (1999). Investigation of cigarette smokers who quit without treatment. J Drug Issues 29: 167–85 DOI: 10.1177/002204269902900111
Stockwell, T. (2014). Minimum alcohol pricing: Canada’s accidental public health strategy. Conversation, 4 August. https://theconversation.com/minimum-alcohol-pricing-canadas-accidental-public-health-strategy-25185
Streiner, D.L. (2002). The 2 “es” of research: efficacy and effectiveness trials. Can J Psychiatry 47(6): 552–56 DOI: 10.1177/070674370204700607
Sung, H., J. Ferley and R.L. Siegel et al. (2021). Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 71(3): 209–49 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21660
Suzer-Gurtekin, Z.T., R. McBee, R. Curtin, J.M. Lepkowski, M. Liu and M. ElKasab (2016). Effect of a pre-paid incentive on response rates to an Address-Based Sampling (ABS) Web-Mail survey. Survey Practice 9(4): 1–8 DOI: 10.29115/SP-2016-0025
Syrjanen, K., K. Syrjänen and K. Eronen et al. (2017). Slow-release L-cysteine (Acetium®) lozenge is an effective new method in smoking cessation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention. Anticancer Res 37(7): 3639–48 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.11734
Tannenbaum, M.B., J. Hepler and R.S. Zimmerman et al. (2015). Appealing to fear: a meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories. Psychol Bull 141(6): 1178–204 DOI: 10.1037/a0039729
Tanzania Invest (2018). Tanzania inaugurates USD 29 million cigarette factory.
19 March. https://www.tanzaniainvest.com/industry/new-philip-morris-cigarette-factory
Taylor, G.M.J., M.N. Dalili, M. Semwal, M. Civljak, A. Sheikh and J. Car (2017). Internet-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9: CD007078 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007078.pub5
Teague, S., G.J. Youssef, and J.A. Macdonald et al. (2018). Retention strategies in longitudinal cohort studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med Res Methodol 18(1): 151 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-018-0586-7
Tehrani, M.W., M.N. Newmeyer, A.M. Rule and C. Prasse (2021). Characterizing the chemical landscape in commercial e-cigarette liquids and aerosols by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00253
Therapeutic Goods Administration. Accessing unapproved products. Canberra: TGA. https://www.tga.gov.au/accessing-unapproved-products
Therapeutic Goods Administration (2017). Scheduling delegate’s interim decisions and invitation for further comment: ACCS/ACMS, November 2016. Canberra: TGA. https://www.tga.gov.au/book-page/21-nicotine
Therapeutic Goods Administration (2021a). Melbourne-based individual fined $7,992 for alleged unlawful importation of nicotine vaping products. https://tinyurl.com/93h3rsyr
Therapeutic Goods Administration (2021b). Nicotine vaping products: Information for prescribers. Canberra: TGA. https://www.tga.gov.au/nicotine-vaping-products-information-prescribers
Therapeutic Goods Administration (2021c). RV Global Ecommerce Pty Ltd fined $39,960 for alleged unlawful advertising of nicotine vaping products. https://tinyurl.com/mtjm76a9
Thomas, J. and A. Harden (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol 8: 45
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-8-45
Thompson, D.S. and T.R. Wilson (1966). Discontinuance of cigarette smoking: “natural” and with “therapy”—a ten-week and ten-month follow-up study of 298 adult participants in a five-day plan to stop smoking. JAMA 196(12): 1048–52 DOI: 10.1001/jama.196.12.1048
Thompson, E.M. (1995). A descriptive study of women who have successfully quit smoking. Georgia State University. PhD thesis.
Tierney, P.A., C.D. Karpinski, J.E. Brown, W. Luo and J.F. Pankow (2016). Flavour chemicals in electronic cigarette fluids. Tob Control 25(e1): e10–5
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052175
TLB Productions (2007). Ghetto science: smoking. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQ4n7g31RlE&t=5s
Tobacco Business (2021). Major flavored ends manufacturers receive FDA MDOs. https://tobaccobusiness.com/major-flavored-ends-manufacturers-receive-fda-mdos/
Tobacco Control Legal Consortium (2011). Cigarette minimum price laws. https://publichealthlawcenter.org/sites/default/files/resources/tclc-guide-cigminimumpricelaws-2011.pdf
Tobacco Tactics (2020a). E-cigarettes: Industry timeline. University of Bath. https://tobaccotactics.org/wiki/e-cigarettes-industry-timeline/
Tobacco Tactics (2020b). Tobacco smuggling. University of Bath. https://tobaccotactics.org/wiki/tobacco-smuggling/
Tobacco Tactics (2021). Next generation products: British American Tobacco. University of Bath. https://tobaccotactics.org/wiki/next-generation-products-british-american-tobacco/
Tocque, K., A. Barker and B. Fullard (2005). Are stop smoking services helping to reduce smoking prevalence? New analysis based on estimated number of smokers. Tobacco Control Research Bulletin (Smoke Free Northwest, Department of Health, England) (3): 1–13.
Tofler, A. and S. Chapman (2003). “Some convincing arguments to pass back to nervous customers”: the role of the tobacco retailer in the Australian tobacco industry’s smoker reassurance campaign 1950–1978. Tob Control 12 Suppl 3: iii7–12 DOI: 10.1136/tc.12.suppl_3.iii7
Tomioka, H., T. Wada, M. Yamazoe, Y. Yoshizumi, C. Nisho and G. Ishimoto (2019). Ten-year experience of smoking cessation in a single center in Japan. Respir Investig 57(4): 380–87 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2019.01.007
Transparency International (2021). Corruption Perceptions Index 2020. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/nzl
Triggle, N. (2013). NHS stop-smoking service “a success”. BBC News, 21 August. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-23766070
Truth Tobacco Industry Documents.
https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/tobacco/
Tsai, M., M.K. Byun, J. Shin, and L.E. Crotty Alexander (2020). Effects of e-cigarettes and vaping devices on cardiac and pulmonary physiology.
J Physiol 598(22): 5039–62 DOI: 10.1113/JP279754
Tuchfeld, B. (1981). Spontaneous remission in alcoholics: empirical observations and theoretical implications. J Studies Alcohol 626–41
DOI: 10.15288/jsa.1981.42.626
Tulloch, H.E., A.L. Pipe, C. Els, M.J. Clyde and R.D. Reid (2016). Flexible, dual-form nicotine replacement therapy or varenicline in comparison with nicotine patch for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Med 14: 80 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0626-2
Tverdal, A. and K. Bjartveit (2006). Health consequences of reduced daily cigarette consumption. Tob Control 15(6): 472–80 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2006.016246
Tyrrell, I. (1999). Deadly enemies: tobacco and its opponents in Australia. Sydney: UNSW Press.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (1985). United Nations guidelines on consumer protection. https://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/CompetitionLaw/UN-Guidelines-on-Consumer-Protection.aspx
United States Federal Trade Commission (2021). Cigarette report for 2020. https://ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/federal-trade-commission-cigarette-report-2020-smokeless-tobacco-report-2020/p114508fy20cigarettereport.pdf
United States Surgeon General (2020). Smoking cessation: a report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Office on Smoking and Health. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/2020-cessation-sgr-full-report.pdf
US Food and Drug Administration (2019). 2018 NYTS data: a startling rise in youth e-cigarette use. Washington DC: USFDA. https://bit.ly/3L15bL1
US Food and Drug Administration (2021a). FDA denies marketing applications for about 55,000 flavored e-cigarette products for failing to provide evidence they appropriately protect public health. Washington DC: USFDA. https://bit.ly/3CZrHRH
US Food and Drug Administration (2021b). FDA permits marketing of e-cigarette products marking first authorization of its kind by the agency. Press Release. Washington DC: USFDA. https://bit.ly/36w3dDr
Vaillant, G.E. (1995). The natural history of alcoholism revisited. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Vangeli, E., J. Stapleton, E.S. Smit, R. Borland and R. West (2011). Predictors of attempts to stop smoking and their success in adult general population samples: a systematic review. Addiction 106(12): 2110–21
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03565.x
Vanyukov, M.M., R.E. Tarter and G.P. Kirillova et al. (2012). Common liability to addiction and “gateway hypothesis”: theoretical, empirical and evolutionary perspective. Drug Alcohol Depend 123 Suppl 1: S3–17 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.018
Various authors (2003). Insights from Australia’s national tobacco campaign. Tob Control 12. https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/12/suppl_2
Vered, M.P., R. Kedem, D. Tzur, Y.H. Even and S. Chapman (2016). Self-reported difficulty of smoking cessation among ex-smokers in the Israel defense force career service personnel: observational study. University of Sydney e-Scholarship Respository. https://tinyurl.com/7e8fjkvw
Verrall, A. (2021). New Zealand voices shape vaping regulations. Beehive,
10 August. https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/new-zealand-voices-shape-vaping-regulations
Viswam, D., S. Trotter, P.S. Burge and G.I. Walters (2018). Respiratory failure caused by lipoid pneumonia from vaping e-cigarettes. BMJ Case Rep 2018 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224350
Vogt, F., S. Hall and T.M. Marteau (2008). Understanding why smokers do not want to use nicotine dependence medications to stop smoking: qualitative and quantitative studies. Nicotine Tob Res 10(8): 1405–13
DOI: 10.1080/14622200802239280
Wakefield, M. and F. Chaloupka (1998). Improving the measurement and use of tobacco control “inputs”. Tob Control 7(4): 333–35 DOI: 10.1136/tc.7.4.333
Wakefield, M., K. Coomber and S.J. Durkin et al. (2014). Time series analysis of the impact of tobacco control policies on smoking prevalence among Australian adults, 2001–2011. Bull WHO 92: 413–22
DOI: 10.2471/BLT.13.118448
Wakefield, M., D. Germain and L. Henriksen (2008). The effect of retail cigarette pack displays on impulse purchase. Addiction 103(2): 322–28
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02062.x
Wakefield, M., B. Loken and R.C. Hornik (2010). Use of mass media campaigns to change health behaviour. Lancet 376(9748): 1261–71
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60809-4
Wakefield, M., K.S. McLeod and K.C. Smith (2003). Individual versus corporate responsibility for smoking-related illness: Australian press coverage of the Rolah McCabe trial. Health Promot Int 18(4): 297–305
DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dag413
Wakefield, M., G. Szczypka and Y. Terry-McElrath et al. (2005). Mixed messages on tobacco: comparative exposure to public health, tobacco company- and pharmaceutical company-sponsored tobacco-related television campaigns in the United States, 1999–2003. Addiction 100(12): 1875–83
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01298.x
Wakefield, M.A., S. Durkin and M.J. Spittal et al. (2008). Impact of tobacco control policies and mass media campaigns on monthly adult smoking prevalence. Am J Public Health 98(8): 1443–50 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.128991
Wakefield, M.A., L. Hayes, S. Durkin and R. Borland (2013). Introduction effects of the Australian plain packaging policy on adult smokers: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 3(7) DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003175
Walker, M.B. and M.G. Dickerson (1996). The prevalence of problem and pathological gambling: a critical analysis. J Gambl Stud 12(2): 233–49
DOI: 10.1007/BF01539176
Walker, R. (1984). Under fire: a history of tobacco smoking in Australia. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
Walsh, R.A. (2008). Over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy: a methodological review of the evidence supporting its effectiveness. Drug Alcohol Rev 27(5): 529–47 DOI: 10.1080/09595230802245527
Walsh, R.A. (2011). Australia’s experience with varenicline: usage, costs and adverse reactions. Addiction 106(2): 451–2
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03282.x
Walters, G.D. (2000). Spontaneous remission from alcohol, tobacco, and other drug abuse: seeking quantitative answers to qualitative questions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 26(3): 443–60 DOI: 10.1081/ada-100100255
Wang, R.J., S. Bhadriraju and S.A. Glantz (2021). E-cigarette use and adult cigarette smoking cessation: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 111(2): 230–46 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305999
Ward, J.E. and Sanson-Fisher, R. (1996). Accuracy of patient recall of opportunistic smoking cessation advice in general practice. Tob Control 5: 110–13 https://www.jstor.org/stable/20207168
Warner, K.E. (1977). The effects of the anti-smoking campaign on cigarette consumption. Am J Public Health 67(7): 645–50 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.67.7.645
Warner, K.E. and G.A. Fulton (1994). The economic implications of tobacco product sales in a nontobacco state. JAMA 271(10): 771–76
DOI: 10.1001/jama.1994.03510340061035
Warner, K.E. and J.L. Mackay (2008). Smoking cessation treatment in a public-health context. Lancet 371(9629): 1976–78
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60846-6
Weber, M.F., P.E.A. Sarich and P. Vaneckova et al. (2021). Cancer incidence and cancer death in relation to tobacco smoking in a population-based Australian cohort study. Int J Cancer DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33685
Ween, M.P., R. Hamon, M.G. Macowan, L. Thredgold, P.N. Reynolds and S. Hodge (2020). Effects of e-cigarette e-liquid components on bronchial epithelial cells: demonstration of dysfunctional efferocytosis. Respirol 25(6): 620–28 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13696
Wehrli, F.W., A. Caporale, M.C. Langham and S. Chatterjee (2020). New insights from MRI and cell biology into the acute vascular-metabolic implications of electronic cigarette vaping. Front Physiol 11: 492
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00492
Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychol Rev 92(4): 548–73
https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1986-14532-001
West, R. (2005). Time for a change: putting the transtheoretical (stages of change) model to rest. Addiction 100(8): 1036–39
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01139.x
West, R. and J. Brown (2012). Smoking and smoking cessation in England 2011. Smoking in England. https://tinyurl.com/2ccy3xeu
West, R., M.E. DiMarino, J. Gitchell and A. McNeill (2005). Impact of UK policy initiatives on use of medicines to aid smoking cessation. Tob Control 14(3): 166–71 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2004.008649
West, R., D. Kale, L. Kock and J. Brown (2021). Top-line findings on smoking in England from the Smoking Toolkit Study. Smoking Toolkit Study. https://smokinginengland.info/resources/latest-statistics
West, R., S. May, M. West, E. Croghan and A. McEwen (2013). Performance of English stop smoking services in first 10 years: analysis of service monitoring data. BMJ 347 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f4921
West, R., A. McNeill and J. Britton et al. (2010). Should smokers be offered assistance with stopping? Addiction 105(11): 1867–69
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03111.x
West, R., L. Shahab and J. Brown (2016). Estimating the population impact of e-cigarettes on smoking cessation in England. Addiction 111(6): 1118–19 DOI: 10.1111/add.13343
West, R. and T. Sohal (2006). “Catastrophic” pathways to smoking cessation: findings from national survey. BMJ 332(7539): 458–60
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38723.573866.AE
White, A.R., H. Rampes, J.P. Liu, L.F. Stead and J Campbell (2014). Acupuncture and related interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1): CD000009 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000009.pub4
White, V., N. Tan, M. Wakefield and D. Hill (2003). Do adult focused anti-smoking campaigns have an impact on adolescents? The case of the Australian National Tobacco Campaign. Tob Control 12 Suppl 2: ii23–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12878770
WHO (2021). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2021: addressing new and emerging products. Geneva: WHO.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240032095
WHO Europe (2016). Evidence brief: tobacco point-of-sale display bans. Copenhagen: WHO. https://tinyurl.com/mv9tnxmk
WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (2021). Report on the scientific basis of tobacco product regulation: eighth report of a WHO study group. Geneva: WHO. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240022720
Wickstrom, G. and T. Bendix (2000). The “Hawthorne effect”: what did the original Hawthorne studies actually show? Scand J Work Environ Health 26(4): 363–67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10994804
Wilkinson, A.L., M.M. Scollo, M.A. Wakefield, M.J. Spittal, F.J. Chaloupka and S.J. Durkin (2019). Smoking prevalence following tobacco tax increases in Australia between 2001 and 2017: an interrupted time-series analysis. Lancet Public Health 4(12): e618-e27 DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30203-8
Wills, T.A., R. Knight, J.D. Sargent, F.X. Gibbins, I. Pagano and R. Williams (2017). Longitudinal study of e-cigarette use and onset of cigarette smoking among high school students in Hawaii. Tob Control 26(1): 34–39
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052705
Wilson, A., J. Hippisley-Cox, C. Coupland, T. Coleman, J. Britton and S. Barrett (2005). Smoking cessation treatment in primary care: prospective cohort study. Tob Control 14(4): 242–46 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2004.010090
Winick, C. (1962). Maturing out of narcotics addiction. Bull Narcotics 14: 1–7. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1962-01-01_1_page002.html
Winnicka, L. and M.A. Shenoy (2020). EVALI and the pulmonary toxicity of electronic cigarettes: a review. J Gen Intern Med 35(7): 2130–35
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-05813-2
Wodak, A. (2020). Why Australia should make it as easy as possible for smokers to switch to vaping. Sydney Morning Herald, 26 June.
https://tinyurl.com/4nvmcdah
Woods, S.S. and A.E. Haskins (2007). Increasing reach of quitline services in a US state with comprehensive tobacco treatment. Tob Control 16 Suppl 1: i33–6 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2007.019935
World Bank (1999). Curbing the epidemic: governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington DC: World Bank.
https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/0-8213-4519-2
Wynder, E.L. and E.A. Graham (1950). Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma: a study of 684 proved cases. J Am Med Assoc 143(4): 329–36 DOI: 10.1001/jama.1950.02910390001001
Yach, D. (2019). Twitter.
https://twitter.com/swimdaily/status/1098256065383358464
Yeomans, K., K.A. Payne and J.P. Marton et al. (2011). Smoking, smoking cessation and smoking relapse patterns: a web-based survey of current and former smokers in the US. Int J Clin Pract 65(10): 1043–54
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02758.x
Yingst, J., J. Foulds and S. Veldheer et al. (2020). Measurement of electronic cigarette frequency of use among smokers participating in a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res 22(5): 699–704 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty233
Yoong, S.L., A. Hall and H. Turon et al. (2021). Association between electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems with initiation of tobacco use in individuals aged < 20 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One 16(9): e0256044
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256044
Young, J.M. and J.E. Ward (2001). Implementing guidelines for smoking cessation advice in Australian general practice: opinions, current practices, readiness to change and perceived barriers. Family Practice 18(1): 14–20
DOI: 10.1093/fampra/18.1.14
Zhang, Y.-Y., F.L. Bu and F. Dong et al. (2021). The effect of e-cigarettes on smoking cessation and cigarette smoking initiation: an evidence-based rapid review and meta-analysis. Tob Induc Dis 19: 04 DOI: 10.18332/tid/131624
Zhu, S.-H., M. Lee, Y.-L. Zhuang, A. Gamst and T. Wolfson (2012). Interventions to increase smoking cessation at the population level: how much progress has been made in the last two decades? Tob Control 21(2): 110–18
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050371
Zhu, S.-H., B. Rosbrook, C. Anderson, E. Gilpin, G. and J.P. Pierce (1995). The demographics of help-seeking for smoking cessation in California and the role of the California smokers’ helpline. Tob Control 4 S9–S15 https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/4/Suppl_1/S9
Zwar, N.A., A. Nasser, E.J. Comino and R.L. Richmond(2002). Short-term effectiveness of bupropion for assisting smoking cessation in general practice. Med J Aust 177(5): 277–78 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04772.x