421

Index

A

  1. academic achievement and health 146–147
  2. acanthosis nigricans 166
  3. accelerator hypothesis 309
  4. ACE inhibitors 124
  5. acromegally 90
  6. activity-friendly environments 249–250
  7. adipocyte expansion 50
  8. adipocyte hypertrophy 50–49, 50
  9. adipogenesis 52
  10. adipose tissue 48
  11. adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) 49
  12. adiposity. See fat distribution
  13. adjustable gastric bypass 379
  14. adolescent obesity. See also childhood obesity
    1. use of bariatric surgery for 392–393
  15. Adolescent Type 1 Diabetes Cardiorenal Intervention Trial (AdDIT) 411
  16. aerobic training and diabetes management 282–284
  17. affect-regulation model 267
  18. alpha-glucosidase inhibitors 320, 323
  19. American College of Sports Medicine 275
  20. American Diabetes Association 320
  21. angiogenesis 55
  22. antibodies 407
  23. antidiabetic agents 318–321
  24. antigen-based therapy 405–406
  25. antigens 52, 72, 74, 407.
    1. See also glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
  26. anti-obesity agents 390
  27. anti-obesity drugs 376–378
  28. appetite. See also non-hungry eating
    1. ‘eating to’ 9
    2. increase of 5, 10
    3. reduction in 6–7, 8, 11, 12, 319, 377
  29. athletic ability 162
  30. AusAID (the Australian Government’s Overseas Aid Program) 171
  31. AusDiab study 121
  32. Australian Association of National Advertisers (AANA Code) 134, 224
  33. Australian Childhood Diabetes DNA Repository (ACDDR) 403
  34. Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study 316
  35. Australian Food and Grocery Council (AFGC) 134, 224
  36. Australian Health Survey (AHS) 125
  37. Australian National Preventive Health Agency 220, 230
  38. Australian Primary Care Collaboratives program 214
  39. autoimmune disease 405, 407–409.
    1. See also type 1 diabetes
  40. autoimmune reaction 402, 404, 406
  41. autoimmunity 72, 404, 405, 407.
    1. See also islet autoimmunity

B

  1. BabyDiab study
    1. Australia 74, 404
    2. Germany 404
  2. BABYDIET study (Germany) 407
  3. bariatric surgery 378–381
    1. complications of 380
    2. used to treat adolescents 391–393
  4. BEACH study 383
  5. behavioural factors and weight gain 212
  6. behavioural weight-loss treatment (BWT) 268
  7. behaviour modification 214, 373, 375
    1. in children and adolescents 386–387
  8. beta cell 70, 88
    1. apoptosis 94–96
    2. dedifferentiation 96
    3. destruction 75
    4. dysfunction 93
    5. exhaustion 97
    6. failure 90, 91, 94, 402
    7. function 88, 90–93, 97–98, 164
    8. mass 92–93422
    9. neogenesis 79
    10. physiology 88
    11. regeneration 79, 93
  9. biguanides 319, 322, 324
  10. binge eating disorder (BED) 5, 152, 264, 265, 268, 388
  11. biological weight-control systems 6, 13, 14.
    1. See also endogenous weight-control systems
    2. effectiveness of 8
    3. factors interfering with 10, 12, 13
  12. blood glucose
    1. control 75, 124, 212, 300, 301, 302, 317, 408, 409
    2. fluctuations 302, 306
    3. monitoring 288
    4. pharmacotherapy for 318–320
  13. blood pressure 121, 124, 209, 210, 363
    1. resistance training and 288
  14. Blounts disease 165
  15. BMI (body mass index) 172
    1. definition of 20
    2. impact of exercise on 285
  16. body and social practice 108
  17. body image 154–155
    1. disturbance 264
    2. school-based improvement initiatives 154–155
  18. breakfast consumption 147
  19. Brighter Smiles Africa oral health program 150
  20. Broadcasting Services Act 1992 (Australia) 223
  21. bulimia nervosa 264, 268, 388
  22. bullying 113, 162, 200, 268

C

  1. cancer 29, 46, 107, 141, 165, 208, 209, 275, 316
  2. carbohydrate
    1. counting 302, 309–310
    2. nutrition 305, 306
  3. carbohydrates. See also high-carbohydrate diets
    1. overconsumption of 39
  4. cardiovascular disease (CVD) 163, 164, 306, 361
  5. cathexis 113, 116
  6. cell-based therapy 411
  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US) 226
  8. cerebrovascular disease 362
  9. childhood obesity
    1. athletic ability and 162
    2. contributing factors 131
    3. definition 160, 172–173
    4. discrimination and 265–266
    5. ‘First, do no harm’ approach to 151–152
    6. food marketing and 129–130, 130–131, 221
    7. impact on health 161, 163–166, 180
    8. in Asia 171–188
    9. indicators for treatment 383–384
    10. lifestyle treatment 384–386
    11. management of 326–327, 384
    12. pharmacology in the treatment of 390–391
    13. prevalence of 171, 174–178, 383
    14. psychosocial impact of 161–162, 264.
    15. See also bullying
    16. school-based intervention studies (Asia) 181–182
    17. socioeconomic status (SES) and 174, 177
    18. urban/rural disparity in Asia 180
  10. children. See also childhood obesity
    1. academic achievement of 146–147
    2. benefits of sound nutrition 152
    3. impact of television advertising on 221, 225
    4. life expectancy of 209
    5. physical activity and 155–156, 162
  11. Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI) (US) 222–223
  12. Children’s Hospital Big Five, the 389
  13. Children’s Television Standards 2009 (CTS) (Australia) 223–224
  14. China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 175
  15. China National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) 175
  16. cholesterol 209, 308, 359, 363
  17. chronic care model 340–341
  18. chronic disease risk surveillance 213
  19. chronic kidney disease (CKD) 121–126.
    1. See also ACE inhibitors
  20. clinical ethics 194, 196423
  21. Cochrane review 280, 284, 302, 326, 384, 386
  22. Code for Advertising & Marketing Communications to Children (Australia) 224
  23. coeliac disease 362
  24. cognitive behavioural strategies 270
  25. combination therapy 320
  26. Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice (Australia) 223
  27. community-based interventions against obesity 6, 201–203
  28. Connell, Raewyn 111
  29. cow milk supplementation, delay in 407
  30. Coxsackie virus 73–74
  31. Crohn’s disease 51–53
  32. Cushing’s disease 90
  33. cycling 246–248, 282, 288, 388

D

  1. DAFNE study 309
  2. Da Qing study (China) 278
  3. decisional balance 269
  4. Department of Health and Ageing Central Australia Renal Study 125
  5. depression 109, 152, 362
  6. deprivation amplification 251
  7. devices used in obesity management 373, 381
  8. diabetes 353.
    1. See also gestational diabetes;
    2. prediabetes; type 1 diabetes; type 2 diabetes
    3. dietary intervention in babies 406–407
    4. distress 362
    5. kidney disease and 124
    6. pathogenesis of 404
    7. prevalence in children and adolescents 401
  9. diabetes annual cycle of care (DACC) 341–343
  10. Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) 74
  11. Diabetes Centre of Royal Prince Alfred Hospital 347–348
  12. diabetes complications 288
    1. clinical trials data in 363
    2. design of clinical trials for 412–416
    3. due to a lack of insulin 354–355
    4. due to an excess of insulin 356
    5. macrovascular 357, 361–362
    6. management of 364–365
    7. microvascular 357, 360–361
    8. pathogenesis of 358–360
    9. prevention of 363, 411–412
    10. psychosocial 362
    11. reversibility of 365
    12. screening for 364, 366
    13. transplantation in 365
    14. types of 353–357
    15. vascular 403
  13. diabetes management 289
    1. aerobic training in 282–284
    2. carbohydrate counting in 302, 309–310
    3. chronic care model in 340–341
    4. community care in 346–347
    5. haemopoietic stem cell transplantation 407–408
    6. hospital clinic and 344
    7. in adolescents 325–326
    8. in rural areas 343, 349
    9. nutrition therapy in 300–310
    10. patho-physiological mechanisms of 284
    11. primary care in 341–343
    12. private practice in 345
    13. recommendations for 287
    14. resistance training in 283
    15. role of pharmacies in 328–330
    16. team-based integrated care in 345–347
    17. vegetarian diet in 307–308
  14. Diabetes Medication Assistance Service (DMAS) 329–330
  15. Diabetes Pilot Program (DPP) 330
  16. Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) study 73, 74, 406
  17. diabetes prevention 246, 246–247, 254
    1. evidence of 277–280
    2. individual approach in 281
    3. lifestyle interventions in 280, 289
    4. recommendations for 280–282
    5. whole-population approach in 281
  18. Diabetes Prevention Program 307
  19. Diabetes Prevention Trial – Type 1 Diabetes (DPT-1) 406
  20. diabetes treatment
    1. design of clinical trials for 412–416
    2. islet transplantation 408–411
  21. Diabetes Vaccine Development Centre (DVDC) 406424
  22. diabetic amyotrophy 361
  23. diabetic cardiomyopathy 367
  24. diabetic foot disease 349, 362
  25. diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) 355
  26. diabetic nephropathy 360
  27. diabetic neuropathy 361
  28. diabetic retinopathy 360
  29. dietary adherence 307
  30. dietary counselling 307
  31. dietary supplementation 58
  32. diet-induced brain changes 13
  33. diets 374.
    1. See also high-protein diet; See also weight-reducing diets; See also low glycaemic index (GI) diets; See also low glycaemic load (GL) diets
    2. fad 152
    3. Mediterranean-style 303
    4. recommended 141
    5. Traffic Light diet 387
    6. type 1 diabetes and 74
    7. type 2 diabetes and 301
    8. vegetarian 307–308
    9. very low energy diets (VLEDs) 375–376
    10. ‘yo-yo’ effect 37
  34. Diogenes Study 303, 307
  35. disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) 208
  36. discrimination 116, 265
    1. parenting practices and 266
    2. school-based 152, 266
  37. disposition index 92
  38. DPP-IV inhibitors 323, 324
  39. dyslipidaemia 164.
    1. See also metabolic syndrome

E

  1. eating behaviours 10, 387–388
  2. eating disorders 362.
    1. See also binge eating disorder (BED); See also bulimia nervosa
  3. eating episodes 34
  4. eating plan 374
  5. economic factors 215
    1. protein intake and 35–36
  6. economic policies 225
  7. Edmonton protocol 409
  8. employment and obesity 266
  9. endogenous weight-control systems 9
  10. endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 96
  11. end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) 121, 124, 125, 125–126, 126
  12. energy
    1. effects of deficit 5
    2. homeostasis 55
    3. requirements 4
  13. energy-dense, nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods, 131, 33.
    1. See also processed foods
  14. energy excess 49
    1. appetite-inhibiting effects of 6
    2. neuroendocrine responses to 7–8
    3. physical activity and 7
  15. energy expenditure 13, 87.
    1. See also physical activity
    2. protein leverage hypothesis and 38
  16. environmental factors
    1. autoimmune process and 404
    2. type 1 diabetes and 72, 402
    3. weight gain and 210, 212, 215
  17. environmental sustainability 308
  18. epigenetic changes 13
  19. erectile dysfunction in diabetic men 362
  20. ethical implications of weight interventions 191–203
  21. ethics. See clinical ethics; public health ethics; principle-based ethics
  22. European Association for the Study of Diabetes 320
  23. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study 308
  24. evidence-based health programs 226
  25. exercise. See also physical activity
    1. beneficial effect of 13
    2. impact on metabolic physiology 38
  26. extracellular matrix (ECM) 50

F

  1. fat
    1. accumulation of 46
    2. overconsumption of 39
    3. wrapping 51
  2. fat distribution 46
    1. gender-specific differences in 47
    2. metabolic risk factors and 47–49
  3. Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) trial 411
  4. FIELD study 415425
  5. Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study 278
  6. food
    1. addiction 12
    2. advertising. See food marketing
    3. pyramid 141
    4. reformulation 228–230
  7. food and activity logs 375
  8. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 229, 416
  9. Food and Health Dialogue 229
  10. food availability 10, 14
    1. genetic adaptation and 22–23
  11. food marketing. See also television advertising
    1. changing models of 136
    2. childhood obesity and 130–131
    3. industry expenditure on 132
    4. industry self-regulation 133–134, 222–224, 252
    5. of healthy foods 131, 141
    6. ‘pester power’ 132–133, 221
    7. role of government in 134–135
    8. socioeconomic status and 133
  12. food regulation 228–229, 251–252
  13. Food Standards Agency (FSA) (UK) 225
  14. Food Standards Australia New Zealand 230
  15. Food Standards Code (US) 228
  16. front-of-pack (FOP) signposting schemes 251–252
  17. fructose 305

G

  1. gastric banding 265
  2. gastrointestinal hormones (incretins) 79, 88, 93
  3. gastrointestinal tract (GIT) 53–55
  4. gender relations theory 107–111
  5. genes. See also Human Leucocyte Antigen complex (HLA)
  6. genetic adaptation in response to food availability 22–23
  7. genetic predisposition 12
    1. type 1 diabetes and 70–72, 75
    2. weight gain and 212
  8. genome-wide association studies (GWAS) 72, 80, 93
  9. gestational diabetes 90, 349, 360, 365
  10. gluconeogenesis 38
  11. glucose
    1. homeostasis 289
    2. intolerance 93
    3. metabolism 285, 301, 301–302, 302, 315, 316, 318–319
    4. tolerance test 90
    5. toxicity 96
  12. glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 405.
    1. See also antigens
  13. gluten 362, 407
  14. glycaemic control 284
  15. glycaemic index (GI) 310.
    1. See also low glycaemic index (GI) diets
  16. glycaemic load (GL) 310.
    1. See also low glycaemic load (GL) diets
  17. glycated haemoglobin 301
  18. glycosylated haemoglobin 285
  19. goal setting 374, 386–387
  20. governance structures for policy development for obesity prevention 219–221
  21. government interventions 228, 230.
    1. See also legal interventions in obesity prevention; See also plausible policy basket
  22. gut health 58
  23. gut microbiota 53–56
    1. barrier function of 54
    2. probiotic supplementation and 57

H

  1. haemoglobin A1c, manatory reporting of 212
  2. haemopoietic stem cell transplantation 407–408
  3. health behaviours 116
    1. impact of gender on 108
  4. Healthcare Identifiers Service 212
  5. healthcare system
    1. attitudes towards obese in 266
    2. managament of diabetes in 328, 339–350, 365
    3. performance incentives 213–214
    4. regulation of 212–213
  6. health education 328
    1. adolescents and 149
    2. whole-school approach to 149426
  7. health interventions, population-wide 193
  8. healthism 201
  9. health-promoting schools framework 147–148
    1. development of 148–151
    2. in Africa 149–150
    3. nutrition acitvities 153–154
  10. health promotion. See also obesity prevention
    1. government campaigns 211
    2. harmful effect of 154
    3. nutrition information and 251–252, 253
    4. social marketing 253
    5. workplace-based programs 225–228
  11. health status and academic achievement 146–147
  12. healthy behaviours 389
  13. Healthy Food Compact 229–230
  14. healthy foods, availability of 251
  15. hepatic glucose production 36, 93
  16. hepatic lipid metabolism 55
  17. high-carbohydrate diets 304
    1. proten intake and 33–34
  18. high-fat, high-sugar diet 11–13
    1. brain changes and 13–14
    2. proten intake and 33–34
  19. high-fibre foods 141
  20. high-protein diet 29, 35, 37.
    1. See also protein intake
    2. impact on glucose metabolism of 302
    3. weight loss and 35
  21. Holistic Health Framework program (Singapore) 181
  22. Human Leucocyte Antigen complex (HLA) 71, 72, 76–78, 403, 407.
    1. See also genes
    2. genotyping 404
  23. hunger signals 11
  24. hunter-gatherer lifestyle 22
  25. hygiene hypothesis 74
  26. hypercholesterolaemia 410
  27. hyperglycaemia 89, 90, 92–96, 212, 308–309, 325, 402
  28. hyperinsulinaemia 90
  29. hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp 90
  30. hyperlipidemia 56
  31. hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma (HONC) 355
  32. hyperplasia 52
  33. hypertension 164
  34. hypoglycaemia 323, 356–357, 410

I

  1. idiopathic intracranial hypertension 166
  2. Immune Tolerance Network 77
  3. immunomodulators 56
  4. immunomodulatory trials 405–406
  5. immunosuppression 402, 405, 408
  6. impaired glucose tolerance 305
  7. incidental activity 374–375
  8. incretin-based therapy 98
  9. incretin enhancers 320
  10. incretin mimetics 319, 322–324
  11. incretins. See gastrointestinal hormones
  12. Indian Diabetes Prevention Study 280
  13. Indigenous Australians 109
    1. chronic kidney disease (CKD) 121, 125
    2. diabetes care for 343
    3. end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) 121, 125
    4. life expectancy of 120, 125, 357
  14. individual approach
    1. to obesity prevention 211–212
  15. individual approach to diabetes prevention 281
  16. inflammation 49, 305–306
    1. decreased insulin sensitivity and 48
  17. Institute of Medicine (US) 130, 229
  18. insulin 78, 325
    1. acute complications due to a lack of 354–355
    2. acute complications due to an excess of 356
    3. discovery of 353
    4. secretagogues 318, 321, 324
    5. secretion 88–90, 93, 97, 98
    6. sensitisers 318, 321–322, 324
    7. sensitivity 46, 91, 284, 301, 303–305
    8. signalling 49
  19. insulin deficiency
    1. in type 1 diabetes 354–355
    2. in type 2 diabetes 355
  20. Insulin for Life 367
  21. insulin resistance 47, 49, 56, 75, 90, 166, 285, 404427
    1. progressive resistance training (PRT) 283
    2. protein requirements and 36, 38
    3. type 1 diabetes and 75
  22. insulin therapy 79–78, 309, 320
    1. adverse effects of 323
    2. in adolescents 326
  23. insulitis 71, 76–77
  24. Interagency Working Group on Food Marketed to Children (US) 222
  25. INTERHEART study 210
  26. International Diabetes Federation 214, 316, 367
  27. International Diabetes Foundation 87
  28. International Federation of Diabetes 380
  29. International Obesity Task Force (IOTF)
    1. child obesity, definition 172, 173, 175–176, 178, 179, 182
  30. intragastic balloon 381
  31. Intranasal Insulin Trial 11 (INIT 11) 406
  32. islet
    1. amyloidosis 95–96
    2. autoimmunity 73, 75, 404
    3. cells 88
    4. graft function 409, 410
    5. pig’s cells 411
    6. transplantation 408–411

J

  1. Japanese Diabetes Prevention Program (JDPP) 280
  2. Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) (US) 77, 403

K

  1. Kanyini Vascular Collaboration (KVC) 121, 124
  2. ketoacidosis 76, 164
  3. kidney disease.
    1. See also chronic kidney disease (CKD); See also end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)
    2. prevention of 122–123
  4. kidney transplantation 365
  5. kilojoule counting 3

L

  1. law, role of in obesity prevention 212–219
  2. leaky gut 51–52
  3. legal interventions in obesity prevention 216–218, 217–219.
    1. See also plausible policy basket
    2. front-of-pack (FOP) signposting schemes 251–252
  4. leptin 13, 95
    1. resistance 12
  5. life history method 110, 115
  6. lifestyle behaviours 107
  7. lifestyle factors
    1. insulin resistance and 90
    2. type 1 diabetes 74
  8. lifestyle interventions 279, 305, 307, 373
    1. in children and adolescents 326, 384–386, 388–389
    2. in treatment of type 2 diabetes 325
  9. lipotoxicity 97
  10. Look AHEAD study (US) 286, 383
  11. low-carbohydrate diets 310
  12. low-fat diet 9, 11, 13, 310
  13. low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets 303
  14. low glycaemic index (GI) diets 147, 302, 304
  15. low glycaemic load (GL) diets 302
  16. low-protein diet 37
  17. low-protein food 39

M

  1. macrobiotic diet 33
  2. macronutrients intake 23–25.
    1. See also rule of compromise
    2. capacity to regulate 23–24, 40
    3. changing supply pattern of 25
    4. diet and 29–31
    5. economic cost of 35–36
    6. excess of 39
    7. insulin sensitivity and 303
    8. nitrogen 29
    9. protein 24
  3. macrophages
    1. infiltration of 49
    2. phenotypic switching of 51
  4. macrovascular complications 357, 361–362
  5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 77
  6. marginalisation in society. See societal marginalisation
  7. Martin, Robyn 207
  8. masculinity 115–116
  9. mass media health campaigns 211.
    1. See also television advertising428
  10. Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young 92
  11. meal replacement protocol 376
  12. Medical Benefits Schedule 213
  13. Medicare 213, 227, 341, 342
  14. Medicare Locals 214, 221, 347
  15. mesenteric fat 51, 52
  16. mesenteric hypertrophy 52
  17. metabolically healthy obese (MHO) 46
  18. metabolic dysfunction, role of gut in 51–53
  19. metabolic endotoxemia 53
  20. metabolic fitness 275
  21. metabolic memory 382
  22. metabolic physiology 38
  23. metabolic risk and subcutaneous fat 48
  24. metabolic syndrome 164, 305.
    1. See also dyslipidaemia
  25. metformin 317, 319, 321, 322, 325–327, 391
  26. microbial dysbiosis 56
  27. microvascular complications 357, 359, 360–361
  28. Millian harm principle 196
  29. Mill, John Stuart 196
  30. mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway 50
  31. motivational enhancement therapy (MET) 269–270
  32. motivational interviewing 387
  33. motivational strategies 267, 269
  34. musculoskeletal complications 165

N

  1. nanny state 217
  2. National Basic Health Research (Indonesia) 177–178
  3. National Framework for Active Living (Australia) 221
  4. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) 331, 403
  5. National Health Survey (Australia) 109, 208, 316
  6. National Healthy Workplace Charter (Australia) 227
  7. National Indigenous Health Equality Summit 125
  8. National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) (US) 403
  9. National Obesity Prevention Act (US) 219
  10. National Pancreas Transplant Unit at Westmead Hospital 410
  11. National Partnership Agreement on Preventive Health (Australia) 227
  12. National Pharmacy Database Project (Australia) 331
  13. National Preventative Health Taskforce (Australia) 221
  14. National Preventative Health Taskforce National Preventative Health Taskforce (Australia) 213, 216, 225, 227, 229
  15. National Prevention, Health Promotion and Public Health Council (US) 220
  16. National Prevention Strategy (US) 220
  17. New South Wales Schools Physical Activity and Nutrition Study 163
  18. NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre 414
  19. nitrogen 29
  20. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 165
  21. non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) 7
  22. non-television ‘screen time’ 138
  23. normoglycaemia 90
  24. NSW Healthy Workers Initiatives 227
  25. nutrient absorption 55
  26. nutrient density 33
  27. nutrition.
    1. See also nutritional environment
    2. diabetes management and 300–310
    3. education 250
    4. food industry-developed criteria 134
    5. impact of Industrial Revolution on 22
    6. in childhood 152
    7. information systems 251–252
    8. knowledge among children 130
    9. school-based promotion of 152–154
  28. nutritional environment 22
    1. historical perspective on 21–22
    2. impact on regulatory physiology 39
  29. nutritional physiology, rodents as model for 23
  30. nuts consumption, benefits of 308429

O

  1. obesity 50.
    1. See also childhood obesity
    2. associated comorbidities 385
    3. beta-cell failure 95
    4. bullying and 113
    5. costs of 200, 210, 316
    6. employment and 112, 116, 265, 266
    7. ethnicity and 109
    8. gender and 108–109, 176
    9. genetic predisposition to 12, 107
    10. impact on health 20, 46, 208–209, 316.
      1. See weight-related health problems
    11. impact on identity 110
    12. impact on self-esteem 200
    13. impact on social relationships 113–114
    14. in adults 373, 373–375
    15. insulin resistance and 90
    16. lifestyle behaviours and 107
    17. low-protein diet and 37
    18. obstructive sleep aponea (OSA) and 162
    19. Oceanic populations and 38
    20. prevalence of (Australia) 109, 208, 316, 372
    21. prevalence of (US) 21, 209
    22. prevalence of (worldwide) 316
    23. protein appetite and 37
    24. psychosocial problems and 109, 263–265, 270
    25. sexual relations and 114
    26. socioeconomic status and 109
    27. symbolism of 115
    28. television viewing and 137, 140
  2. obesity management
    1. bariatric surgery 378–381
    2. devices used in 373, 381
    3. healthcare system and 328
    4. in adults 327–328
    5. in children and adolescents 326–327, 383–393
    6. pharmacotherapy in 376–378
    7. role of pharmacies in 331–332
  3. obesity prevention. See also public health intervention; See also health promotion
    1. community-based 201–203
    2. government approach 219–221, 230
    3. individual-based 211–212, 246
    4. legal interventions in 216–219
    5. school-based 151
    6. socio-ecological perspective 246–247, 254
  4. obesity treatment. See also weight-loss treatment; See also obesity management
    1. community interventions 6
    2. family-based 385
    3. psychological issues in 268
  5. obesogenic diet 12, 14
  6. obesogenic environment 216, 245
    1. impact on biological weight-control systems 10–11
  7. obstetric care 365
  8. obstructive sleep aponea (OSA) 162
  9. Oceanic populations 38
  10. orlistat 331, 390
  11. overconsumption of sugars and fat 39
  12. oxidative stress 50–49, 306

P

  1. pancreas 92
    1. systematic histological study of 76–77
  2. pancreatectomy 93
  3. pancreatic beta cell. See beta cell
  4. pancreatic islet 88
    1. inflammation of 94
  5. pandemic preparedness 207
  6. parent-focused intervention 386
  7. parenting. See also role-modelling of healthy behaviours
    1. permissive style of 137
    2. practices 266
  8. Partnership Agreement on Preventive Health (Australia) 221
  9. paternalism 196, 200
  10. patho-physiological mechanisms in diabetes management 284
  11. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) (US) 226
  12. peripheral artery disease 362
  13. pharmacodynamics of antidiabetic drugs 324–325
  14. pharmacotherapy
    1. adverse effects of 321–324
    2. impact of genes on 324–325
    3. in management of obesity 376–378
    4. in management of obesity in adolescents 327, 390–391
    5. in management of type 2 diabetes in adolescents 325–326430
    6. in treatment of type 2 diabetes 317–320
  15. pharmacy
    1. Pharmacy in England (UK) 331
    2. role in diabetes care 328–330
    3. role in weight management 331–332
  16. Pharmacy Pulse survey 331
  17. physical activity 155–156, 275.
    1. See also energy expenditure
    2. academic achievement and 146–147
    3. decrease in 139
    4. diabetes complications and 288
    5. environments 247–250
    6. for children and adolescents 388–389
    7. parental socioeconomic status and 140
    8. prescription 374–375
    9. promotion of 155–156
    10. type 2 diabetes and 276, 281, 285, 287–289
  18. physical fitness 275
  19. Pima Indians study 90, 91
  20. plausible policy basket 216, 218
  21. policy approach to population weight gain 210–211, 214, 219–221
  22. polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) 165
  23. population-level interventions. See public health interventions
  24. population strategy 193, 197, 215
  25. population weight gain 210–211
  26. positive energy balance. See energy excess
  27. positron-emission tomography 77
  28. Practice Incentive Program (Australia) 214
  29. Prader Willi syndrome 10
  30. prebiotics 57.
    1. See also probiotic stimulation
  31. prediabetes 77, 87, 92, 301, 315–317, 327, 402, 406
  32. pregnancy. See also gestational diabetes
    1. insulin resistance and 90
  33. principle-based ethics 194
  34. principlism 194
  35. probiotics 57, 58
  36. processed food 35, 36, 229.
    1. See also energydense, nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods
  37. progressive resistance training (PRT) 283, 286
  38. Protégé study 405
  39. protein catabolism 36
  40. protein intake 24, 40.
    1. See also protein leverage hypothesis
    2. assymetry in 29
    3. environmental implications of 36
    4. high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet and 33–34, 40
    5. obesity and 37
    6. regulation of 39, 40
  41. protein leverage hypothesis 28–29, 32–33
    1. energy expenditure and 38
    2. Sydney trial 31
  42. protein-seeking behaviour 32
  43. proteinuria 121, 124, 361, 415
  44. pseudotumour cerebri 166.
    1. See also idiopathic intracranial hypertension
  45. psychosocial complications in diabetes 362
  46. public health
    1. ethics 194–196
    2. interventions 15, 199–203, 215, 245
    3. legislation 207
    4. nutrition 228
  47. Public Health Act (SA) 208
  48. public infrastructure for physical and recreational activities 249–250

Q

  1. Quick Service Restaurant Industry (Australia) 224

R

  1. Regional Collaboration for Childhood Obesity Prevention Research program (Australia) 171
  2. regulation of healthcare system 212–213
  3. regulatory interventions. See legal interventions in obesity prevention
    1. food reformulation 228–230
  4. regulatory physiology 39
  5. renal function 310, 322, 323, 364, 410, 412
  6. resistance training 284
    1. diabetes management and 283
  7. Responsible Children’s Marketing Initiative (Australia) 134, 224
  8. role-modelling of healthy behaviours 385, 389
  9. Romp & Chomp project (Australia) 182
  10. Rose, Geoffrey 193, 197, 200, 202, 215, 253
  11. rotavirus 73–74
  12. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass 378–379
  13. rule of compromise 23, 27–31
    1. animals and 30431

S

  1. salt intake 229–230
  2. school health promotion. See health-promoting schools framework
    1. in Asia 181–182
  3. screening 329
    1. for chronic kidney disease 123–124
    2. for diabetes 287, 406
    3. for diabetes complications 287, 357, 364
    4. for diabetes in pregnancy 122
  4. sedentary behaviours 140–139, 385, 386, 387, 389
  5. self-efficacy 267, 269
  6. self-esteem 162, 200, 264
  7. self-monitoring 387
  8. self-perception 265–268
    1. impact on weight-related behavious 266–267
  9. sexuality 108, 114
  10. skin problems 166, 362
  11. sleeve gastrectomy 379
  12. societal marginalisation 108, 113, 115, 116
  13. socio-ecological perspective 246–247, 249, 253–254
  14. socioeconomic status (SES)
    1. childhood obesity and 174, 177
    2. obesity and 109, 249–250
  15. statins 363, 366, 411
  16. statutory regulations of food marketing 135
  17. stigmatisation 197, 200, 265
    1. school-based 152
  18. stimulus control 386, 387
  19. sucrose 56, 303, 305
  20. Swedish Obese Subjects study (SOS) 380
  21. symbolism of obesity 115
  22. synbiotics 58
  23. systemic metabolic dysfunction 52–53

T

  1. taste stimuli 39
  2. taxation of unhealthy food 214
  3. T cell function 77, 406
  4. TEDDY study (The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young) 404
  5. television advertising 131, 137–139, 221, 222, 225
  6. television viewing 137–139
    1. obesity and 137
    2. parental socioeconomic status and 140
    3. type 2 diabetes and 277
  7. thin ideal 265, 268
  8. tobacco control 218
  9. TrialNET study 404, 405
  10. Trial to Reduce IDDM in Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) study 78, 407
  11. Trim and Fit program (Singapore) 181, 200
  12. type 1 diabetes 402
    1. autoantibodies and 75
    2. environmental factors in 72
    3. genetic predisposition and 70–72, 75
    4. insulin deficiency in 354–355
    5. insulin resistance and 75
    6. insulitis and 76–77
    7. interventions in at-risk individuals 78
    8. lifestyle factors and 74
    9. management in adolescents of 326
    10. management of 364
    11. nutrition therapy in 308–310
    12. pathogenesis of 75, 77
    13. prevalence of (Australia) 348, 409
    14. specialist care in 348, 348–350, 349
    15. T cell function and 77
    16. viral infections and 73–74
    17. vitamin D intake and 75, 404
  13. Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) 403
  14. type 2 diabetes
    1. benefits of bariatric surgery in 380
    2. costs of 316
    3. dietary advice in 301, 306
    4. economic cost of 87, 210
    5. genetic predisposition and 93, 316
    6. gut microbiota and 56
    7. impact of 316
    8. impaired beta cell function and 90–91
    9. in children and adolescents 163, 325
    10. in Oceanic populations 38
    11. insulin deficiency in 355
    12. islet amyloidosis 95–96
    13. management of 282–286, 302, 305, 317–318, 325–326, 328–330
    14. pathogenesis of 89, 303
    15. pharmacotherapy and 317–324
    16. physical activity and 276, 288, 288–289
    17. prevalence of (Asia) 180–181
    18. prevalence of (Australia) 87, 212, 316432
    19. prevalence of (worldwide) 87, 316
    20. prevention of 276–279
    21. risks of developing 48–49, 245

U

  1. UK Code of Broadcast Advertising (BCAP Code) 224
  2. United Nations’ 2010 Human Development Report 146
  3. US Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) 278
  4. utilitarianism 195, 200

V

  1. vascular complications 403
  2. vegetarian diet in diabetes 307–308
  3. very low energy diets (VLEDs) 375–376
    1. in children and adolescents 390
  4. victimisation 268
  5. viral infections and type 1 diabetes 73–74
  6. vitamin D 75, 165, 404
  7. voluntarism 196

W

  1. walking 248
  2. weight-control behaviours, motivation to engage in 267
  3. weightism 154
  4. weight loss
    1. as an embodied transformative process 115
    2. maintenance 382
    3. type 2 diabetes management and 302–303
  5. weight-loss surgery 116.
    1. See also bariatric surgery
  6. weight-loss treatment 116
    1. adjunctive therapy 375
    2. behavioural (BWT) 268
    3. cognitive behavioural strategies 270, 328
    4. commercial 192, 327, 331
    5. motivational enhancement therapy (MET) 269–270
  7. weight management and protein intake 40
  8. Weight Management Council of Australia 327
  9. weight-reducing diets
    1. Atkins 192, 307
    2. effectiveness of 3, 109
    3. limitations of 4
    4. low-fat, high-carbohydrate 303
    5. Ornish 307
    6. types of 3, 4, 152
  10. weight-related health problems 197, 199
  11. Western diet 37, 40, 180
  12. wholegrains vs refined grains 304
  13. whole-population approach. See also see also public health interventions
    1. to diabetes prevention 281
  14. workplace-based health promotion 225–228
  15. Workplace Wellness Alliance (US) 227
  16. World Economic Forum 226
  17. World Health Organization Child Growth Standard 173, 176, 177, 178, 182
  18. World Health Organization (WHO) 130, 135, 147, 171, 181, 252, 316
    1. child obesity, definition 172, 173
    2. health-promoting schools framework 148
    3. Multicentre Growth Reference Study 173

X

  1. xenotransplantation 409

Y

  1. ‘yo-yo’ diet effect 37

ABN: 15 211 513 464
CRICOS number: 00026A

© 2019 Sydney University Press