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Animal bones in Australian archaeology
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List of figures
Glossary
Figure 0.1: Articulated sheep skeleton.
Figure 0.2: Articulated kangaroo skeleton.
Bone identification 101
Figure 0.3: (a) Adult distal pig femur, left and right; (b) juvenile pig tibia.
Figure 0.4: Overview of the small, medium and large animal groupings.
Figure 0.5: Comparison of a wombat and sheep left mandible.
Figure 0.6: Articulated possum skeleton showing the epipubic bone (circled).
Figure 0.7: Kangaroo humerus.
Figure 0.8: Bone modifications from natural and anthropogenic causes.
1: Mandible
Figure 1.1: Mandible; (a) human, (b) kangaroo and (c) sheep.
Figure 1.2: Mental foramina; cow, pig and cat.
Figure 1.3: Mandible; (a) pig, (b) wombat and (c) human.
Figure 1.4: Mandible; (a) sheep, (b) kangaroo and (c) wallaby.
Figure 1.5: Horse mandible.
Figure 1.6: Cow mandible.
Figure 1.7: Mandible; (a) dingo, (b) cat and (c) quoll.
Figure 1.8: Mandible; (a) rabbit, (b) brushtail possum and (c) bandicoot.
Figure 1.9: Dental formulas for species in this manual.
Figure 1.10: Mandible decision process.
2: Scapula
Figure 2.1: Sheep scapula.
Figure 2.2: Articulated cow fore leg.
Figure 2.3: Scapula; (a) horse and (b) cow.
Figure 2.4: Scapula; (a) sheep, (b) human and (c) pig.
Figure 2.5: Scapula; (a) wombat, (b) kangaroo, (c) wallaby and (d) dingo.
Figure 2.6: Scapula; (a) cat, (b) quoll, (c) rabbit, (d) brushtail possum and
(e) bandicoot.
Figure 2.7: Scapula; (a) emu and (b) chicken.
Figure 2.8: Glenoid fossa of all species.
Figure 2.9: Scapula decision process 1.
Figure 2.10: Scapula decision process 2.
3: Humerus
Figure 3.1: Humerus; a) kangaroo, b) sheep and c) dingo.
Figure 3.2: Humerus; (a) horse and (b) cow.
Figure 3.3: Humerus; (a) sheep, (b) pig and (c) wombat.
Figure 3.4: Humerus; (a) cat, (b) quoll, (c) emu and (d) chicken.
Figure 3.5: Humerus; (a) human, (b) kangaroo, (c) wallaby and (d) dingo.
Figure 3.6: Humerus; (a) rabbit, (b) brushtail possum and (c) bandicoot.
Figure 3.7: Proximal humerus of all species.
Figure 3.8: Distal humerus of all species.
Figure 3.9: Humerus decision process 1.
Figure 3.10: Humerus decision process 2.
Figure 3.11: Humerus decision process 3.
4: Radius
Figure 4.1: Radii with diagnostic features; (a) kangaroo and (b) sheep.
Figure 4.2: Human and macropod radius.
Figure 4.3: Radius and ulna of (a) horse and (b) cow.
Figure 4.4: Radius; (a) sheep, (b) pig and (c) wombat radius.
Figure 4.5: Radius; (a) human, (b) kangaroo, (c) wallaby and (d) dingo.
Figure 4.6: Radius; (a) cat, (b) quoll, (c) emu, (d) chicken, (e) rabbit, (f) brushtail
possum and (g) bandicoot.
Figure 4.7: Proximal radius of all species.
Figure 4.8: Distal radius of all species.
Figure 4.9: Radius decision process.
5: Ulna
Figure 5.1: Kangaroo ulna with diagnostic features.
Figure 5.2: Fused ulna/radius; (a) horse and (b) cow.
Figure 5.3: Ulna; (a) human, (b) kangaroo, (c) wallaby and (d) dingo.
Figure 5.4: Ulna; (a) cat, (b) quoll, (c) emu and (d) chicken.
Figure 5.5: Ulna; (a) sheep, (b) pig and (c) wombat.
Figure 5.6: Ulna; (a) rabbit, (b) brushtail possum and (c) bandicoot.
Figure 5.7: Ulna decision process 1. Ulna fused to radius.
Figure 5.8: Ulna decision process 2. Ulna and radius not fused.
6: Pelvis
Figure
6.1
: Articulated pelvis and sacrum of the quoll.
Figure
6.2
: Pelves with diagnostic features; (a) kangaroo, (b) human and (c) sheep.
Figure
6.3
: Articulated pelvis; (a) emu, (b) kangaroo, (c) dingo, (d) possum and
(e) human.
Figure
6.4
: Acetabulum; (a) horse, (b) cow and (c) emu.
Figure
6.5
: Acetabulum; (a) wallaby, (b) sheep, (c) pig and (d) wombat.
Figure
6.6
: Acetabulum; (a) human, (b) kangaroo and (c) dingo.
Figure
6.7
: Acetabulum; (a) cat, (b) quoll, (c) chicken, (d) rabbit, (e) brushtail possum
and (f) bandicoot.
Figure
6.8
: Innominate neck and blade; (a) kangaroo, (b) wallaby, (c) dingo, (d) cat,
(e) quoll, (f) rabbit, (g) brushtail possum and (h) bandicoot.
Figure
6.9
: Pelvis neck and blade; (a) horse, (b) cow and (c) sheep.
Figure
6.10
: Pelvis neck and the blade; (a) human, (b) pig and (c) wombat.
Figure
6.11
: Articulated pelvis; (a) emu and (b) chicken.
Figure
6.12
: Pelvis decision process.
7: Femur
Figure
7.1
: Femur with diagnostic features; (a) kangaroo (b) sheep and (c) horse.
Figure
7.2
: Horse hind limb.
Figure
7.3
: Femur; (a) horse and (b) cow.
Figure
7.4
: Femur; (a) sheep, (b) pig, (c) wombat and (d) dingo.
Figure
7.5
: Femur; (a) emu, (b) human, (c) kangaroo and (d) wallaby.
Figure
7.6
: Femur; (a) rabbit, (b) chicken, (c) quoll and (d) cat.
Figure
7.7
: Femur; (a) brushtail possum and (b) bandicoot.
Figure
7.8
: Proximal femur for all species.
Figure
7.9
: Distal femur for all species.
Figure
7.10:
Femur decision process.
8: Tibia
Figure
8.1
: Tibia with diagnostic features.
Figure
8.2
: Tibia; (a) horse and (b) cow.
Figure
8.3
: Tibia; (a) emu, (b) human, (c) kangaroo and (d) wallaby.
Figure
8.4
: Tibia; (a) sheep, (b) pig, (c) wombat and (d) dingo.
Figure
8.5
: Tibia; (a) cat, (b) quoll, (c) chicken, (d) rabbit, (e) brushtail possum and
(f) bandicoot.
Figure
8.6:
Proximal tibia of all species.
Figure
8.7
: Distal tibia of all species.
Figure
8.8
: Tibia decision process 1.
Figure
8.9:
Tibia decision process 2.
9: Extremities
Figure 9.1: Human hand with major bones labelled.
Figure 9.2: Human foot with major bones labelled.
Figure 9.3: Astragali with diagnostic features; (a) human, (b) kangaroo.
Figure 9.4: Calcanei with diagnostic features; (a) kangaroo, (b) sheep.
Figure 9.5: (a) Articulated sheep foot with calcaneus and astragalus labelled;
(b) sheep metatarsal.
Figure 9.6: Semi-articulated kangaroo foot.
Figure 9.7: First phalanx; (a) horse, (b) human and (c) kangaroo.
Figure 9.8: Metacarpals; (a) horse, (b) cow and (c) sheep.
Figure 9.9: Metatarsals; (a) horse, (b) cow and (c) sheep.
Figure 9.10: Calcaneus; (a) horse, (b) cow, (c) sheep, (d) pig, (e) wombat, (f) human,
(g) kangaroo, (h) wallaby, (i) dingo, (j) cat, (k) rabbit, (l) brushtail possum
and (m) bandicoot.
Figure 9.11: Astragalus; (a) horse, (b) cow, (c) sheep, (d) pig, (e) wombat, (f) human,
(g) kangaroo, (h) wallaby, (i) dingo, (j) cat, (k) brushtail possum, (l) rabbit
(right side) and (m) bandicoot.
Figure 9.12: Horse (a) calcaneus, (b) astragalus, (c) articulated fore limb and
(d) articulated hind limb.
Figure 9.13: Cow (a) calcaneus, (b) astragalus and (c) articulated hind limb.
Figure 9.14: Sheep (a) calcaneus, (b) astragalus and (c) articulated hind limb.
Figure 9.15: Pig (a) calcaneus, (b) astragalus and (c) articulated hind limb.
Figure 9.16: Human (a) calcaneus, (b) talus (astragalus) and (c) articulated foot.
Figure 9.17: Cat (a) calcaneus, (b) astragalus and (c) articulated hind limb.
Figure 9.18: Rabbit (a) calcaneus, (b) astragalus and (c) articulated hind limb.
Figure 9.19: Kangaroo (a) calcaneus, (b) astragalus and (c) articulated hind foot.
Figure 9.20: Wallaby (a) calcaneus and (b) astragalus.
Figure 9.21: Wombat (a) calcaneus, (b) astragalus and (c) articulated hind limb.
Figure 9.22: Bandicoot (a) calcaneus, (b) astragalus and (c) articulated.
Figure 9.23: Emu articulated limb.