List of figures

Figure 1.1 The 10 building blocks of high-performing primary health care. Adapted with permission from the Center for Excellence in Primary Care 2002. Source: 2012 UCSF Center for Excellence in Primary Care.
Figure 1.2 Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions Framework. World Health Organization 2002, 65.
Figure 2.1 The PDSA Cycle. Adapted from: Deming, W. Edwards. foreword by Kevin Edwards Cahill, The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education, third edition, The PDSA Cycle, page 91 © 2018 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, by permission of The MIT Press.
Figure 3.1 The vertical and horizontal enhancement of continuous quality improvement. Source: McCalman, Bailie et al. 2018.
Figure 4.1 Decision flowchart: generating data for analysis in a clinical audit.
Figure 5.1 Example of client flow through a PHC centre.
Figure 5.2 Example of a cause-and-effect diagram showing why clients with diabetes may not be receiving important items of care, namely foot examinations. Source: Halperin, Gilmour et al. 2019.
Figure 5.3 Example elements from a driver diagram. Source: Adapted with permission from Bailie, Laycock et al. 2016.
Figure 5.4 Pareto diagram example: reasons clients gave for not attending appointments.
Figure 5.5 Run chart example: average client time in waiting room.
Figure 6.1 Figure 6.1 The CQI cycle in PHC. Source: Brands, Griffin et al. 2010; used with permission of Menzies School of Health Research.
Figure 6.2 Bar graph example: proportion of clients with coronary heart disease by record of scheduled services.
Figure 6.3 Stacked bar graph example: proportion of adult clients by recorded tobacco smoking status in the last 12 months and by audit cycle.
Figure 6.4 How to interpret box and whisker plots. Source: Matthews, Connors et al. 2015.
Figure 6.5 Box and whisker plot example: mean health centre percentage of mental health clients with a record of scheduled treatment and care in the last three months. Source: Matthews, Bailie et al. 2016.
Figure 6.6 Radar plot example: a health centre’s systems assessment scores over three annual audit cycles.
Figure 6.7 The participatory interpretation process.
Figure 6.8 SMART goals.
Figure 6.9 The Plan-do-study-act Cycle. Adapted from: Deming, W. Edwards. foreword by Kevin Edwards Cahill, “The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education, third edition”, The PDSA Cycle, page 91 © 2018 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, by permission of The MIT Press.
Figure 7.1 Example elements of a power-interest grid.
Figure 8.1 Factors influencing quality improvement at high-improving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander PHC services (Carlisle, Matthews et al. 2021).
Figure II.1 Use of CQI tools, techniques, and types of graphs in a CQI cycle.
Figure 9.1 How to interpret box and whisker plots.
Figure 10.1 Mean health centre delivery of HbA1c checks within six months, by audit year for all health centres. Source: Matthews, Connors et al. 2015.
Figure 10.2 Mean health centre rates of medication review or adjustment for patients with abnormal HbA1c, by audit cycle for health centres that have at least three years of audit data. Source: Matthews, Connors et al. 2015.
Figure 10.3 Mean health centre rates of medication review or adjustment for clients with abnormal blood pressure, by audit cycle for health centres that have at least three years of audit data. Source: Matthews, Connors et al. 2015.
Figure 10.4 Trends in overall type 2 diabetes care. Source: Matthews, Connors et al. 2015.
Figure 11.1 Trends in overall service delivery to well clients. Source: J. Bailie, V. Matthews et al. 2017.
Figure 11.2a Mean health centre record of plan for follow-up by audit year for abnormal blood pressure. Source: J. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2017.
Figure 11.2b Mean health centre record of plan for follow-up by audit year for abnormal blood glucose level. Source: J. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2017.
Figure 11.2c Mean health centre record of plan for follow-up by audit year for abnormal lipid profile. Source: J. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2017.
Figure 11.3a Mean health centre percentage (by audit year) of clients identified at social and emotional wellbeing risk using a standard tool, with a record of follow-up action: brief intervention. Source: J. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2017.
Figure 11.3b Mean health centre percentage (by audit year) of clients identified at social and emotional wellbeing risk using a standard tool, with a record of follow-up action: counselling. Source: J. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2017.
Figure 11.3c Mean health centre percentage (by audit year) of clients identified at social and emotional wellbeing risk using a standard tool, with a record of follow-up action: medication review. Source: J. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2017.
Figure 12.1 Trends in overall child health service delivery. Source: R. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2014.
Figure 12.2 Mean percentage of children younger than four years of age attending within the previous 12 months who had a developmental milestones check, by audit cycle for health centres that have at least three years of audit data. Source: R. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2014.
Figure 12.3a Mean percentage (by audit year for all health centres) of children with an immunisation chart present. Source: R. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2014.
Figure 12.3b Mean percentage (by audit year for all health centres) of children with recorded hepatitis B immunisation at birth. Source: R. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2014.
Figure 12.3c Mean percentage (by audit year for all health centres) of children with measles, mumps, rubella immunisation at four years of age. Source: R. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2014.
Figure 12.4 Mean percentage of children attending within the previous 12 months who had a haemoglobin check, by audit year. Source: R. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2014.
Figure 12.5a Mean percentage, by audit year, of children with anaemia who had documented evidence of deworming treatment. Source: R. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2014.
Figure 12.5b Mean percentage, by audit year, of children with anaemia who had documented evidence of a follow-up haemoglobin check. Source: R. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2014.
Figure 12.5c Mean percentage, by audit year, of children with anaemia who had documented evidence of an iron prescription. Source: R. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2014.
Figure 12.5d Mean percentage, by audit year, of children with anaemia who had documented evidence of nutrition advice. Source: R. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2014.
Figure 13.1 Trends in overall pregnancy care. Source: Gibson-Helm, J. Bailie et al. 2016.
Figure 13.2 Trends in overall postnatal care. Source: Gibson-Helm, J. Bailie et al 2016.
Figure 13.3 Record of scheduled maternal care services received by Indigenous women at Indigenous primary health care centres, 2012–2014. Source: J. Bailie, Boyle and R. Bailie 2018.
Figure 13.4a Screening for maternal social and emotional wellbeing.
Source: Gibson-Helm, J. Bailie et al. 2018.
Figure 13.4b Follow-up action for clients identified at risk for social and emotional wellbeing. Source: Gibson-Helm, J. Bailie et al. 2018.
Figure 15.1 Social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) from an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspective. Source: Adapted from Gee, Dudgeon et al. 2014.
Figure 15.2 Mean percentage of health centre clients with a care plan and associated goals in their medical records. Source: Matthews, J. Bailie et al. 2016.
Figure 15.3 Trends in overall mental health care for 12 best-practice indicators. Source: Matthews, J. Bailie et al. 2016.
Figure 15.4 Social and emotional wellbeing screening and management: gaps in screening, treatment and follow-up. Source: Langham, McCalman et al. 2017.
Figure 16.1 Number of clients with documented cardiovascular risk factor assessment and management. Source: Crinall, Boyle et al. 2017.
Figure 17.1 Trends in overall RHD care. Source: J. Bailie, Matthews et al. 2016.
Figure 18.1a Sexual health–related service delivery over time (including nucleic acid amplification tests for gonorrhoea and chlamydia, syphilis screen and reproductive health discussion): mean percentage of STI testing and counselling delivered, by audit year. Source: Nattabi, Matthews et al. 2017.
Figure 18.1b Sexual health–related service delivery over time (including nucleic acid amplification tests for gonorrhoea and chlamydia, syphilis screen and reproductive health discussion): mean percentage of STI testing and counselling delivered, by audit cycle. Source: Nattabi, Matthews et al. 2017.
Figure 19.1 Variation in delivery of eye and vision assessments to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients across participating health centres. Source: Burnett, Morse et al. 2016.
Figure 20.1 Engaging stakeholders in identifying priority evidence–practice gaps, barriers and strategies for improvement (ESP) project. Source: Laycock, Harvey
et al. 2018.
Figure 20.2 Using Pareto analysis to identify the “vital few” system barriers to wide-scale improvement: follow-up of abnormal findings, brief interventions, social and emotional wellbeing. Source: Matthews, J. Bailie et al. 2017.
Figure 22.1 Elements of the CRE-IQI innovation platform. Source: A. Laycock, Conte et al. 2020.
Figure 22.2 Strategies, outcomes and conditions related to how principles were implemented in the research collaboration. Source: J. Bailie, Laycock et al. 2021.
Figure 22.3 CRE-STRIDE Framework. Source: The Centre for Research Excellence: Strengthening Systems for Indigenous Health Care Equity (CRE-STRIDE n.d.a.).